psych unit 2

What does the Endocrine system do?

-works with the nervous system to coordinate and regulate the body

Endocrine gland definition:

-organ or group of cells that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Hormones definition:

chemical substance that helps regulate bodily functions

What controls the endocrine system?

Hypothalamus

Purpose of Hypothalamus

-controls the Endocrine system
-regulates various physiological and emotional reactions
-sends alerts from brain to pituitary gland
-regulates internal environment in response to external world

Endocrine communication process:

-uses the bloodstream to communicate through hormones
-hormones communicate by binding to other hormones through hormone receptors

Hormone Receptors Definition:

protein on the surface or interior of a cell that binds to a specific hormone

What side of the brain controls what?

-left brain controls right side
-right brain controls left side

What connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

Corpus Callosum

Mind definition:

-not observable; our mental activities
-thinking, feeling, learning

Brain definition:

-observable, physical structure
-membrane, fluids, chemicals

Neuron definition:

-chemical messages that send information from the brain to the rest of the nervous system

Synapse definition

-gap between axon and dendrites
-separates the neuron

Neurotransmitters defition

-carry chemical "signals"/"messages" released from my synapse to the next neuron

What comprises the central nervous system

-brain
-spinal cord

What are the functions of the central nervous system

-take in sensory information
-process information
-send out motor signals

What is the peripheral nervous system comprised of?

-all nerves outside brain and spinal cord

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

-relays information from brain to the rest of body (moves muscles)

What are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system?

-Somatic nervous system
-Autonomic nervous system

What is the somatic nervous system?

-function voluntary body movement
-ex: sitting down, playing an instrument, walking, taking notes in class, drinking coffee, watching a movie

What is the autonomic nervous system?

-function involuntary body movement
-ex: blinking, heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, respiration, digestion

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?

-Sympathetic nervous system
-parasympathetic nervous system

What is the sympathetic nervous system? (one word)

-stress

What is stress

-set off by a stressor or something threatening in the environment
-body is made ready for action

What happens in the body during fight flight or flee

-increases heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
-decreases digestion

What is the Amygdala and what is it a part of?

-processes emotions and memories associated with fear
-bypasses the frontal cortex in emergencies
-sympathetic nervous system

What is the parasympathetic nervous system? (one word)

peace

What does peace do?

-brings body back to a normal state
-increased digestion
-decreased heart rate, respiration, blood pressure
-relaxed, peaceful feelings mean this system is working

This drug often causes a "trip" which can be stimulating, pleasurable and mind-altering The drug affects the serotonin receptors in the brain that control your behavior and mood, governs senses, and moderates thoughts

LSD

The smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time.

difference threshold

A person's awareness of everything that is going on inside and around them at any given moment

consciousness

Which lobe is responsible for visual perception, including color, form, and motion

12 (idk how to add pics but ig memorize the number? tbh idk)

Identify the Parietal lobe (sense, pain, and sensations)

13 (once again idk)

The smallest amount of a stimulus that is needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50% of the time it is present.

absolute threshold

This lobe is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as memory, emotions, impulse control, problem solving, and motor functions.

10 (frontal lobe)

Which autonomic nervous system is when your body comes down from being under stress and reaches the natural homeostasis.

parasympathetic

Identify the cerebellum (responsible for motor function and movement)

11 (in reference to image)

Which autonomic nervous system is when your body goes into fight, flight, or freeze response (also known as the amygdala hijack) because of danger or stress?

sympathetic nervous system

neurons send messages across synapses through the release of \____

neurotransmitters

what is neuroplasticity

when the brain reorganizes itself if it is injured or has a disease to adapt to the environment

How much does the human brain weight

3 pounds

how many neurons does the brain contain

100 billion

the average brain has what percentage composition of water

75 percent

the neurons create enough electricity to power a \___

10 watt light bulb

the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

hereditary

basic building locks of heredity

genes

genes are found in threadlike structures which are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

chromosomes

what people inherit- the biological groundwork that prepares a person to develop in certain ways

nature

environmental factors- what a person is exposed to in life

nurture

the activation of receptors in the various sens organs, is automatic and sends information to the central nervous system

sensation

this allows you to focus on what you consider important and minimize other sensory stimuli that is occurring

signal detection

psychological process that interprets sensory stimuli and is based on learning expectations and attitudes

perception

sensory receptor cells adjusting to the level of stimulation that they receive

sensory adaption

the colored part of the eye that control the pupil

iris

adjusts ot the distance of objects by changing its thickness and projects a clear image to the retina

lens

lining of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells sensitive to light and sends info to the optic nerve

retina

the opening in the center of the iris that can contract or dilate based on the amount of light entering the eye

pupil

this kind of photoreceptor provides color vision

cones

this kind of photoreceptor is more sensitive to the brightness of light and allows us to see in black and white

rods

the images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed

afterimage

the measurement for the loudness of sound or amplitude of a sound wave is a \___

decibel

this is how high or low a sound is. the higher the frequency or cycles per second the higher the \___ of the sound

pitch

Order of how sound is sensed and transmitted to the brain

1. sound wave
2. eardrum
3. middle ear (hammer anvil and stirrup)
4. cochlea
5. auditory nerve

odors detected by receptor neurons high in each nostril send information to the brain via the \_____

olfactory nerve

what are our four basic tastes

sweet, sour, bitter, and salty

true or false: our taste system is very resilient and it is rare for people to suffer complete tast loss

true

provides our bodies information about our orientation or position in space that help determine which way is up or down, is monitored by your ears and helps you keep your balance

vestibular sense

the sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other and feeds information to the brain from sensory organs in the joints, tendons and muscles

kinesthesis

a person's awareness of everything that is going on inside and around him or her at any given moment

consciousness

memories and stored knowledge are examples of \___

preconscious

our biological functions, like our hair growing exist on a \___ level

nonconscious

what are two examples of an altered state of consciousness

sleep and hypnosis

a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24 hour period

circadian rhythms

brain waves that are long, slow brain waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep

delta waves

the stage of sleep i which the yes move rapidly under the yields and the person is typically experiencing a dream

REM

an average sleep cycle lasts about \____ minutes

90

a method that some people use to eliminate stresses in their world

meditation

a person responds to another person's suggestions and behaves like they are in a trance

hypnosis

what is the most frequently used psychoactive drug in the United States

alcohol

what are four types of drug treatments

detoxification, maintenance programs, counseling, support groups

This neurotransmitter allows you to feel pleasure, satisfaction, and motivation.

dopamine

This is classed as a "sedative hypnotic drug" that is from yeast fermenting. It depresses the central nervous system at high doses At lower doses, this drug can act as a stimulant, inducing feelings of euphoria and talkativeness

alcohol

Identify the myelin sheath (fatty substance that helps send messages faster)

5 on image

This is where complex mental activities like hidden thoughts, urges, and emotions are stored without an individual's awareness

unconscious

Identify the schwann cell (Glial cell)

6 on image

Identify the part that receives information from other neurons.

dendrite (1 on image)

This part of the neuron protects the nucleus and provides it substance

3 in reference to image

This neurotransmitter is responsible for stabilizing mood and eating.

seratonin

The most frequently used psychoactive drug in the world is

caffeine

Up to 60% of women with problems in their \________ gland are unaware they have issues.

thyroid

It stimulates the brain and central nervous system, helping you stay alert and prevent the onset of tiredness with increases in dopamine and norepinephrine. Common side effects include nervousness, agitation, stomach irritation, anxiety, and restlessness

caffeine

This gland in the Endocrine System helps to regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, and responds to stress

adrenal

Identify the nodes of ranvier

7 on image

This gland in the Endocrine System helps with digestion and controls the amount of sugar in your bloodstream.

pancreas

The drug's ability to rapidly release high levels of dopamine in reward areas of the brain strongly reinforces drug-taking behavior, making the user want to repeat the experience. The "high" from the drug comes and goes quickly.

meth

This drug is made from morphine. People use this to feel a "rush". Common side effects include: Dry mouth, nausea and vomiting, severe itching, cloudy mental functioning.

heroin

Identify the part that sends information to other neurons.

8 on image

If you remember a dream, it's mostly likely that you were in this stage of sleep

stage 1

This drug alters your mood and perception. It produces feelings of increased energy, pleasure, emotional warmth, and distorted time.

ecstacy

This is a small, pea-shaped gland in the Endocrine System that regulates and secretes melatonin

pineal