7. intra/extra oral landmarks

eye landmarks: lateral canthus

outer eye corner

eye landmarks: medial canthus

inner eye corner (toward midline)

eye landmarks: sclera

white of eye

eye landmarks: iris

color part of eye

eye landmarks: glabella

area between eyebrows

**essential for accurate and repeatable facebow transfer

nose: ala

ala outwardmost part of the nose

nose landmarks: naris

external openings of nasal cavity

nose landmarks: nostril

orifice of the nose

ear landmarks: Pinna (auricle)

External part of the ear

ear landmarks: helix

Outer rim of the pinna

ear landmarks: tragus

clinical landmark for taking a facebow

ear landmarks: lobule

ear lobe

ear landmarks: eternal auditory canal

nasolabial folds

Laugh lines

Soft tissue "sagging" lines between nose and lips/chin

more prominent with age

Disappears on facial paralysis

lips

sternocleidomastoid muscle

the most superficial and largest muscle in the front portion of the neck

Originates from the manubrium of the sternum and clavicle – across the
side of the neck and inserts at the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the skull

tmj

Open and feel Small indentation between ear & condyle.

This is the posterior wall of the chamber.

just anterior to ext. auditory meatus. Open and close to feel condyle moving

buccal mucosa

inner lining of the oral cavity

labial frenum

attachment that connects lip to gums

you make a notch on dentures for pts

vestibule

the potential space between the teeth, lips and cheeks

gingiva

tissue surrounding the teeth

alveolar ridge

the bony ridge in the upper or lower jaw that contains the tooth sockets and supports the teeth

It is covered by gum tissue and plays a critical role in dental stability and prosthetic retention, but undergoes changes after tooth loss

Found between the buccal and labial mucosa

alveolar process

the alveolar process is the entire bony structure containing the tooth sockets and undergoes remodeling and resorption after tooth loss, which affects implant placement and bone preservation strategies

the alveolar ridge refers specifically to the visible or palpable external bony margin that supports denture stability and prosthetic fit, making its preservation critical for functional and esthetic dental restorations.

Parotid Papilla

Tissue covering the opening of the Parotid Duct (Stenson's Duct)

Location: on the buccal mucosa opposite the maxillary 2nd molar

fordyce granules

Small yellow-white dots that can appear on the buccal mucosa and lip

Ectopic Sebaceous glands of the skin

Mucogingival Junction

“line" separating the lining mucosa from the gingival mucosa (attached gingiva)

Maxillary Labial Frenum

The maxillary frenum is a thin mucosal tissue that connects the upper lip mucosa to the gingiva between the upper central incisors.

dorsal tongue

Top surface of the tongue

filiform papilae, fungiform, circumvallate papilae

Filiform Papillae

Long, threadlike extensions of the mucosa

Fungiform

Small mushroom shaped

Scattered among the filiform papillae

Circumvallate Papillae

mushroom shaped structures with deep furrow surrounding it

Largest papilla on the tongue

Location: back of the tongue and arranged in a "V" pattern

Medial Sulcus (in some individuals)

Shallow grove dividing the the tongue longitudinally

fissured tongue

Deep furrows, grooves on the tongue

lateral border

foliate papilae + lingual tonsil

lingual tonsil

Lingual tonsils are usually distal to foliate papillae and red, glistening papules and nodules on the posterolateral border of the
tongue Is the continuation of the ligual tonsil on the base of the tongue –beyond the curcumvalate papillae

foliate papilae

whartons duct + sublingual caruncle

lingual frenum

a band of mucosa that attaches the ant 2/3 of the tongue to the floor of the mouth

too short or too far anterior frenum

Ankyloglossia, can affect speech due to immobility of the tongue

Correction : frenectomy

Sublingual folds
• a soft tissue ridgeon both sides of the floor of
the mouth end in the caruncle, forming a V
shape on the floor of the mouth. Contains duct
openings of the sublingual gland

a soft tissue ridgeon both sides of the floor of the mouth end in the caruncle, forming a V shape on the floor of the mouth.

Contains duct openings of the sublingual gland

Sublingual Varices

It is mostly seen at the undersurface of the tongue

Means dilation of the veins

Varices: plural – is an abnormal dilated vessel with a tortuous course

Plica Fimbriata

a fold resembling a fringe on the under surface of the tongue on either side of the frenulum

Hard Palate

Anterior portion of the palate covering bony extensions of the maxillary and palatine bones. More pink in color.

Soft Palate

Posterior portion of the palate without bony support. Demarcated by the “vibrating line” (say Ahh).

More red in color Hard palate

Maxillary tuberosity

posterior border of the maxillary alveolar ridge,
covered by tissue, rounded in shape

Palatoglossal arch vs Palatalpharygeal arch

palatoglossal = more anterior

palatine tonsils

Retromolar Pad
A soft tissue mass that marks the posterior end of the mandibular alveolar ridge.

Posterior to the mandibular third molar area.

Palatal Rugae

Irregular ridges of the mucosa in the anterior of the hard palate located on each side of the median palatal raphe

Posterior to anterior teeth (#6-11)

Incisive Papilla

Smooth soft tissue directly posterior to #8,9 (central incisors)

Covers the nasopalatine foramen

Pharyngeal Fauces

Anterior (palatoglossal) and posterior (palatopharyngeal) fauces, pillars or arches;

vertical folds of tissue forming an arch, with the tonsils in the middle if they are still present

Pterygomandibular /Fold

A band of tissue from the mandibular retromolar area to the maxillary tuberosity area, when opening wide (The pterygomandibular raphe (pterygomandibular ligament) is a ligamentous band of the buccopharyngeal
fascia, attached superiorly to the pterygoid hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate, and inferiorly to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line
Fold is the tissue over the ligament (Raphe)

Mandibular Tori

Bony protuberance on the lingual surface of the mandible

Nontender usually located in the canine to premolar region above the attachment of the mylohyoid muscle

Maxillary Torus

Maxillary palatal torus is a bony protuberance on the midline of the palate.