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Identify the fat soluble vitamins

vitamins ADEK

Discuss the absorption of vitamins

almost all are absorbed via intestine except b12

Discuss the storage of vitamins

liver for A, B12, D, E, K, and Fe and Cu
erythrocytes store thiamine

where is vitamin c stored

its not, its water soluble, excretes in urine and sweat

Discuss the excretion of vitamins

fat soluble by stool, less frequent, water soluble by urine and sweat

Describe the pathologies associated with Vitamin A

carotenoid, keratomalacia, blindness

Describe the pathologies associated with Vitamin D

rickets in kids, osteoperosis, osteomalcia, and osteopenia

Describe the pathologies associated with Vitamin E

pathology rare, neuropathy and stroke

Describe the pathologies associated with Vitamin K

malabsorption, bile duct obstruction, liver failure, pancreatitis, babies get a shot to promote clotting

Describe the pathologies associated with Vitamin C

bleeding, petechiae, waterhouse syndrome, kidney stones

Describe the pathologies associated with B vitamins

dry (brain) and wet (heart) beriberi, Wernicke syndrome, mental impairment

Describe the common testing methods evaluation of nutrition

HPLC

Discuss the roles of PTH, Vitamin D, and Calcitonin in Calcium homeostasis

table in notebook

Discuss the listed methods to evaluate Calcium homeostasis

PTH assays and PTHrP protein produced by cancers linked to hyper calcemia that act just like PTH

Describe homeostatic regulation of Phosphate

regulated by parathyroid hormone in kidney

phosphate trashing hormone

what pth does to phosphate in kidney in exchange for Ca

List the carrier protein for Copper

ceruloplasmin

Discuss Ion-Selective Electrodes

one ISE and one reference electrode that allows one ion to cross, changing the pH and be detected in the reference

common uses for ISE

Na, K, which uses valinomycin membranes, and Cl

Discuss freezing point depression

solute particles disrupt formation of the solid structure of the solvent, requiring a lower temperature to achieve freezing, adding salt to water prevents icy roads

what us freezing point depression testing on

sweat testing Cl and cystic fibrosis patients

Describe the issue with sodium measurement in lipemic specimens

all Na is in aqueous layer of tube can give false low values of Na since were dividing by greater volume of what we actually have Na in

vitamin d synthesis step 1

UV light hits cholecalciferol in skin to become vitamin D

vit d synthesis step 2

vit d travels to liver to be 25 hydroxylated into 25 hydroxyvitamin D3, active hormone

vit d synthesis step 3

25 hydroxy vitamin D3 travels to kidney to be 1 hydroxylated into active 1-25 vitamin D

dehydration causes electrolyte concentration to

increase