Lesson 3: Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics

purcom

A simple yawn from a member of the audience in a public speaking engagement is an example of what type of communication?

Non-Verbal Communication

A phone call inquiring about a certain product is an example of what type of communication?

Verbal Communication

They define communication as a common understanding of something whereas commun means “something in common” and ication means “understanding”

Chase and Shamo, 2013

They defined communication as the simultaneous sharing and creating of meaning through human symbolic interaction.

Seiler and Beall, 1999

They defined communication as a systematic process in which individuals interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings.

Wood, 2004

Mentally map out (or draw) the communication process.

It is the sender of the message.

Source

It is the information you(communicator/source) want to convey.

Message

It is the process of converting idea of thoughts of information into verbal and/or nonverbal symbols that can be understood by the receiver of the message.

Encoding

It is the manner in which the message or information is conveyed.

Channel

The receiver's mental processing of message/s into the meaning suggested by the verbal/nonverbal symbols used by the sender.

Decoding

It refers to the person or group of people who will get the message.

Receiver

It is the receiver's response to the message.

Feedback

It refers to the situation in which the communication takes place. It may include (1) environment e.g. location, time of the day, temperature, (2) the relationship between the communicators, (3) their respective cultural backgrounds and past experiences, (4) the topic/subject of the communication.

Context

5 Elements of Communication

sender, message, channel, reciever, and effect

(who, what, through what, to whom, and results)

It answers the question, “through what medium the message is relayed?”

Channel

It refers to who the source is.

Sender

It answers the question, “what ideas are being communicated?”

message

It refers to whom the communication is directed.

Receiver

It refers to the desired result of the communication.

Effect

4 Key Principles of Communication

Interpersonal communication is inescapable.

Interpersonal communicaiton is irreversible.

Interpersonal communication is complicated.

Interpersonal communication is contextual.

It is not possinle for humans not to communicate. Humans always communicate and receive communication not only through words but also through voice tone, gesture, posture, bodily movement, facial expression, clothes worn, and so on.

Interpersonal communication is inescapable.

Once you have uttered something, you can never take it back, and its effect remains. Words are powerful; they can either heal or harm others.

Interpersonal communication is irreversible.

Whenever you communicate with anyone, you simultaneously interpret both his verbal and nonverbal language, and that is often both confounding and demanding.

Interpersonal communication is complicated.

Six people involved in communication:

1. The person whom you think you are

2. The person whom you think the person is

3. The person whom you think the other person thinks you are

4. The person whom you think the other person think he is

5. The person whom the other person thinks you think you are

6. The person whom the other person thinks you think he is

Communication is affected by several factors; it does not happen in isolation.

Interpersonal communication is contextual.

5 Contexts according to King (2000).

psychological, relational, situational, environmental, cultural

It refers to who you are and what you bring to the interaction — needs, desires, values, beliefs, personality, and so on.

Psychological Context

It refers to your reactions to the other person based on relationships.

Relational Context

It deals with the psycho-social “where” you are communicating.

Situational Context

It deals with the physical “where” you are communicating.

Environmental Context

It includes all the learned behaviors and rules that affect the interaction.

Cultural Context

A model is often ___________.

abstract

4 Communication Models

Aristotle, Laswell, Shannon-Weaver, and David Berlo

Aristotle's Model of Communication

(speaker) — (speech) — occassion — (audience) — (effect)

3 variables in communication process according to Aristotle.

speaker, speech, audience

The most important variable according to Aristotle which if without it, there will be no speech to be produced.

speaker

audience demographics

age, sx, background, culture, race, religion, gender, social and economic status, and political orientation or inclination

beliefs, views, and attitudes

he described communication as being focused on the following Ws:

who says what in which channel to whom and with what effect

Harold Dwight Lasswell, 1948

Lasswell's Communication Model (1948)

(who/communicator) — (says what/message) — (in what channel/medium) — (to whom/receiver) — (with what effect)

Aristotle's and Lasswell's model are both __________.

linear

The whole process of communication begins with the ________________.

communicator

Shannon-Weaver's Model of Communication

(sender) - (encoder) - (channel) - (decoder) - (receiver) - (feedback) - loop

^noise^

When was Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver's model of communication introduced?

1949

Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver's model of communication was originally conceptualized for the functioning of the ______________________.

radio and television — technical communication

Shannon-Weaver’s model 4 component of communication

noise, reception, destination, and feedback

David Berlo's SMCR of Communication

(source) — (message) — (channel) — (receiver)

The most well-known communication model

David Berlo's, 1960

4 major variables of Berlo's

smcr

The originator of the message and which acts as encoder.

Source

4 communication skills an encoder should practice.

listening, speaking, reading, and writing

The ______ shows how the message is sent.

code

types of code in communication

language/verbal code, gestures/nonverbal code

The third variable refers to the which different senses?

channel: seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching

The one who decodes the message.

Receiver

If you were to insert noise as an additional variable for SMCR, where do you think will it fit?

It refers to personal codes which is our own set of rules and is neither expected nor required to be followed.

Morals

It refers to societal codes which are rules accepted and approved by society and is imposed upon everyone.

Ethics

The 10 Ethics of Communication according to Johnston, D.D., 1994

mutuality, individual dignity, accuracy, access to information, accountability, audience, relative truth, ends vs means, use of power, rights vs responsibilities

Pay attention to the needs of others, as well as yours.

Mutuality

Do not cause another person embarassment or a loss of dignity.

Individual Dignity

Ensure that others have accurate information. Tell them everything for they have a right and need to know, not just what is true.

Accuracy

Never bolster the impact of your communication by preventing people from communicating with one another or by hindering access to the supporting information.

Access to information

Be responsible and accountable for the consequences of your relationships and communication.

Accountability

As audience or receiver of the information, you also have ethical responsibilities. A good rule of thumb is the “200% rule” where both the sender and receiver have full or 100% responsibility to ensure that the message is understood, and that ethics are followed. This is 100/100 rule, not a 50/50 rule.

Audience

As either sender or receiver of the information, remember that your own point of view may not be shared by others, and that your conclusions are relative to your perspective, so allow others to respectfully disagree or see it differently.

Relative Truth

Be sure that the end goal of your communication and the means of getting to that end are both ethical although no rule can be applied without reservation to any situation.

End vs. means

In situations where you have more power than other (e.g. a teacher with a student, a boss with a subordinate, a parent with a child), you also have more responsibility for the outcome.

use of power

Balance your rights against your responsibilities even if you live in a wonderful society where your rights are protected by law; not everything you have a right to do is ethical.

Rights vs. Responsibilities

It is the process of transmitting information and common understanding from one person to another.

Communication

8 Elements of communication

source, message, channel, receiver, feedback, environment, context, interference

It is the process of creating and sharing meaning by using verbal and nonverbal symbols in varied contexts; and effective communication results when both verbal and nonverbal symbold are understood in much the same way by both communicators.

communication

latin term of communication

communicares

It means to share or to make ideas common.

Communicares

It is understood as the process of meaning-making through a channel or a medium.

communication