World History 2 Midterm

Renaissance

• The Renaissance was the period between the 15th and 17th century of European cultural, artistic, and economic rebirth.

• Why the Renaissance began in Italy:

  • revival of trade, commerce, and towns

  • gateway between east and west

  • wealthy merchant class

  • presence of ancient Greece and Rome was stronger in Italy

  • strong banking system

• Ideas of Machiavelli

  • Niccolo Machiavelli wrote ‘The Prince’ which informed the actions of many rulers.

  • advocated for a strong, merciless ruler

  • not concerned with good vs evil

  • known as the father of modern political science

• Humanism

  • individuals begin to study Greek/Latin classics in hopes of reviving ancient values

  • humanism: doing what is best for the state/society

  • secular: focus on life on earth as opposed to the afterlife

  • Petrarch is considered the “Father of Humanism”

• Renaissance Art

  • vivid, bright colors

  • idealized beauty

  • linear perspective (depth, realism)

  • Chiaroscuro: contrast of dark and light colors

  • balance, symmetry, and proportionality

  • classical themes (Greek, Roman, and biblical figures)

• Raphael

  • well-known for his paintings of the Madonna

  • most famous for The School of Athens

    • hired by Pope Julius II

  • his works depict Christian themes as well as ancient Greek and Roman scientists/philosophers

• Leonardo da Vinci

  • widely acclaimed painter, advisor to kings, engineer, physiologist, botanist, inventor, and more

  • The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper

• Sandro Botticelli

  • secular paintings - sometimes even seen as pagan (religiously unusual)

  • looked to ancient mythology for inspiration

  • patronized by the Medici Family

  • best known for The Birth of Venus

• Michaelangelo

  • 18-foot sculpture of David

  • Sistine Chapel frescoes

    • 10,000 square feet

    • took 4 years to paint

  • pioneered new painting style called Mannerism

  • Mannerism: exaggerates proportion, balance, and ideal beauty, often resulting in compositions that are asymmetrical and unnaturally elegant.

• Renaissance Architecture

  • symmetry

  • proportion

  • domes

  • columns

Indian Ocean Trade

• What types of goods were exchanged through Indian Ocean trade?

  • (over water, you can ship larger items/in bulk)

  • rice, bananas

  • jade, silk, silver, ivory

  • horses (Arabia)

  • timber (teak forests of India)

  • slaves

• Geography and Indian Ocean trade

  • monsoons: seasonal winds that change direction @ different times of the year

    • eastward in summer

    • westward in winter

    • mariners knew routes and schedules

  • made trade possible!

• Technology and trade

  • larger ships, improved maritime technology

  • Dhow: ships with triangular sails—could sail upwind

  • Junk: large Chinese trade ships (used in Zheng He expeditions)

  • compasses allowed sailors to sail into open waters easier

  • astrolabe improved navigation by determining latitude

• Spread of cultural traditions

  • port cities are formed where markets developed

  • port cities became urban centers with blended cultures (language and religion)

  • major religion that spreads is Islam

  • wealthy trade states form

  • Diaspora Communities: migrants who stay with others from the same country of origin

Islamic Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman Empire

• Location: Anatolia (modern day Turkey)

  • Mehmet II conquered last part of Byzantine Empire by invading Constantinople. Renamed to Istanbul

  • expanded rapidly, eventually conquering Cairo, Mecca, Eastern Austrian Empire, Iraq, Iran, North Africa, West Asia, and Balkan states

• Politics: Sultan

  • Devshirme:

    • young Christian boys, ages 8-18, taken from Balkan countryside to serve as Sultan’s slaves

    • boys had to convert to Islam and were trained as soldiers

    • many out of the Devshirme became Janissaries: the Sultan’s elite, disciplined military force.

  • multicultural, multiethnic, multireligious, and multilingual society

• Religion: Sunni Islam

  • embraced Christians, Jewish, and other religions

  • tolerant and did not allow persecution of differences

Safavid

• Location: Persia (modern day Iran)

  • empire absorbed Iran, Iraq, Armenia, Azerbaijan

• Politics: Shah

  • ultimate religious and political ruler

  • Devshirme: adopted from the Ottoman system

    • boys taken from families of small farmers and herders in Armenia and Georgia

    • boys became known as Ghulam and became the Shah’s personal standing army

• Religion: Shia Islam

  • biggest conflict was with (Sunni) Ottomans due to their different views of Islam

  • imposed Shia Islam as state religion

Mughal

• Location: Indian Sub-continent

• Politics: Emperor/Shah

  • emperor/Shah was ruler with absolute power

  • diverse population, hard to unify

• Religion

  • Muslim minority ruling over Hindu majority

  • caste system of Hindu faith creates order for Indian Society

Ming and Qing China

Ming China

• Strong military

  • pushed out the Mongols

  • built most of the visible parts of the Great Wall of China

• Technology

  • printing, paper, gunpowder, modern ships (Junks), compasses

• Economy

  • imported very little; self sufficient

  • exporters, not importers

• Culture

  • focused on the past — stifled innovation

  • Confucianism

  • internal stability

  • built one of the largest temples in the world (Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven)

• Decline of Ming China

  • INTERNAL: weather

    • peak of little ice age

    • cold weather led to famine

    • famine led to food riots

  • EXTERNAL: Manchus

    • invasions by the Manchurians

    • broke past the great wall to conquer

• Zheng He

  • rose through military ranks

  • received orders to lead a fleet of ships down the coast of China on the first of seven voyages

    • largest fleet of wooden ships ever

  • mostly treasure ships/Chinese Junk ships

Qing China

• The Qing Empire

  • Manchus took over: a minority group leading the Chinese majority

  • Did not allow intermarriage between Manchus/Chinese

  • Empire grew to include what is essentially the borders of China today

• Qing Decline

  • Opium Wars and unequal treaties

    • defeated by western powers

    • treaties ceded territories and undermined sovereignty

  • rebellions and internal unrest

  • lack of Modernization

    • failure to adapt to global changes

    • conservative leaders hindered reform efforts

  • ethnic/cultural tensions

  • foreign influence

    • while Qing ruler retained control of National Government, they were heavily influenced by foreign powers

Tokugawa Japan

• Geography of Tokugawa Japan

  • consists of 4 major islands and many smaller islands: about the size of California

  • before modern transport, Japan was close enough to China to be affected by its history and culture

  • Japan was still distant enough from China to remain a homogeneous people who were able to develop a distinct way of life and retain a sense of isolation

• Good harbors/many ports

  • Japan has many good harbors and ports which led to reliance on the sea for livelihood

  • fishing and trade are 2 main activities

• Feudalism in Japan under the Shogunates

  • the Mikado/Emperor ruled in theory but was powerless

  • the Shogun (most influential lord/the military dictator) controlled military, justice, lawmaking, and finance

  • Daimyos (local lords) held land estates and maintained private armies

  • Samurai (warriors) served in the Daimyos armies

  • farmers, artisans, and merchants were at the bottom

  • merchants were considered the lowest because they just sold what everyone else made

• Tokugawa Shogun

  • Shoguns of the Tokugawa family maintained peace and furthered prosperity

  • Edo (later Tokyo), their political capital, became the nation’s leading economic and cultural center

  • the Tokugawa accustomed the people to central military control, but their strong rule delayed Japan’s evolution from a feudal structure to modern nationhood

• Daimyos

  • Daimyos had so much local/provincial power but were discouraged from rebelling

  • Bakufu: military government designed to control the Daimyo (controlled by Shogun)

  • castles: they could only have one castle for defense

  • marriage: Shogun has to approve all marriages

  • Sankin Kotai system: hostage taking to keep Daimyos in check

• Samurai

  • warrior class

  • for over 700 yrs, they were soldiers, peacekeepers, and rulers of Japan

  • Samurai lived violent, exciting, and short lives

  • battle to the death to serve masters

  • gentlemen who appreciated poetry and art

• Bushido

  • code that the Samurai follow (self-discipline, ethical behavior, loyalty, respect)

  • Seppuku (dying by own sword) can either be voluntary or a punishment

• European Age of Exploration

  • people show up in Japan seeking gold

  • missionaries spreading Christianity

    • seen as a threat to power

• Exclusion Edicts

  • issued by Shogun

  • meant to exclude foreigners

  • persecutes Christians and created a bubble around Japan

Revolutions Intro

• Absolutism

  • divine right to rule

  • centralized form of government

  • lack of checks and balances

• Reasons for Revolution

  • lack of rights/ freedoms

  • unequal distributions of wealth

  • heavy taxation on certain portions of the population

  • unfair political/ social treatment

  • denial of basic human needs

  • desire for the equal opportunity to develop unequal talent

  • HAPPY PEOPLE DON’T REVOLT!

• Phases of a Revolution

  1. Preliminary/Old Order

     • economically weak

     • politically weak

     • intellectual deserts

     • class antagonism

  2. Moderate Regime

     • financial breakdown

     • symbolic actions and dramatic events

     • dual sovereignty

     • moderates attain power

  3. Radical Regime

     • radicals take control

     • war (civil and foreign)

     • centralization of power

     • terror and virtue

  4. Thermidorian Reaction

     • return to quiet times

     • rule by tyrant

     • aggressive nationalism

Enlightenment

• Key Ideas

  • reason: humans should rely on reason, not miracles, to improve society

  • nature/natural laws: natural laws regulated the universe and human society

  • progress: discovered laws of economics and government would move society forward

  • liberty: wanted more personal freedoms

  • toleration: questioned internalized religion, wanted full freedom of religion

• Thomas Hobbes

  • social contract theory

  • concerned with social/political order

  • believed people should submit to a monarch to prevent civil conflict

  • “divine right of kings”

• John Locke

  • all persons are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property

  • rulers who fail to protect rights may be removed by people

  • advocated toleration

• Voltaire

  • social progress could be achieved through reason

  • importance of tolerance, especially in religion

• Montesquieu

  • liberalism

  • belief that government should separate into branches to create checks and balances

French Revolution

Causes

• Long Term

  • presence of the enlightenment

  • the American Revolution

• Short Term

  • unfair tax system

  • social injustices (98% of people had no rights or power)

  • rise of the middle class (had money but no power)

  • financial crisis

    • debt due to wars

    • not enough bread (like actual bread not bread as in money)

    • monarch extravagant spending

  • Social

    • 3 estates (clergy, nobles, peasants)

    • estates general was called, and the national assembly was formed (tennis court oath made up of the 3rd estate)

    • weak monarch incapable of making decisions

Effects

• Immediate

  • Storming the Bastille

    • crowd looks for weapons to defend against troops

  • Declaration of the Rights of Man

    • defined individual rights

    • rights of life, liberty, and property (John Locke)

  • State takes control of Church

    • land and property owned by Church now belonged to state

  • Political factions

    • radicals, moderates, and conservatives

    • seated left, middle, and right around assembly president

• Long Term

  • Wars in Europe

    • European powers went to war with France (angry about how they treated the king)

      • goal was to restore the power of the king

  • Execution of the monarch

    • King and Queen flee Paris in the middle of the night

    • caught and forced to return

    • found guilty and executed by guillotine

  • Reign of Terror

    • radical faction and the Jacobins seize control of the government

    • led by Robespierre

    • created committee of public safety—gained dictatorial powers

    • wanted to eliminate “treasonous” people (over 20,000 executed)

  • Rise of Napoleon

    • new, more conservative constitution written after the death of Robespierre

    • more peaceful, but less democratic France

    • into the void steps Napoleon

  • Rise of Nationalism

    • promoted by Napoleon

    • claimed France has the right to spread enlightenment ideals all over Europe and North Africa

Napoleon

• Napoleon’s rise to power

  • supporter of Jacobins and extreme revolutionaries

  • his military success moved him to the political scene

• Self-made emperor

  • 2 yrs after taking the title of consul, Napoleon gained enough power to become emperor

  • demanded support from people (ballot saying yes or no)

• Creates an empire

  • in 1801 he attempts to retake the colony of St. Domingue, but he fails; focuses on Europe; sells Louisiana territory to France in 1803

  • many European countries join forces to fight Napoleon—he crushes them in battles

  • forces Austria, Russia, and Sweden to sign peace treaties

• France under Napoleon

  • Napoleon strengthened central government

  • order, security, and efficiency became the new slogans of the regime

  • sets up national banking system and efficient tax collection

  • establishes Lycées: government run schools to train officials

  • signs Concordat: agreement to restore Catholicism to France

• Napoleonic Code

  • equality to all citizens

  • religious toleration

  • advancement based on merit

• Fall of Napoleon - 3 Big Mistakes.

  • Continental System: closed all European parts to British goods.

    • backfired because Britain had a very good economy

  • Disposed Spanish rulers and placed his brother, Joseph on the throne

    • backfired because of angry Spainards who ambushed French troops leading to 300,000 losses

  • Invasion of Russia

    • Tsar Alexander refused to surrender — Napoleons army froze to death

• Napoleon’s Final Battles

  • The Grand Alliance: Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria unite to defeat Napoleon at the Battle of Nations in 1813

  • allied armies enter Paris in 1814 and Napoleon was exiled to Elba

  • Napolean exiled to St Helena in the So

  • uth Atlantic - he dies in 1821

Industrial Revolution

• What was the Industrial Revolution?

  • a major change in the way goods were made, from human labor to machines, fueled by changes in energy sources

• Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

  • Geography

    • abundance of natural resources like coal, iron and timber

    • triangular trade in the Atlantic Ocean

    • navigable rivers and harbors

  • Agricultural Production

    • Enclosure Act: consolidated individual plots of land into larger area (greatly increased production)

    • inclusion of foods from the Americas (potatoes, corn, etc.)

    • crop rotation system - more efficient

    • new technologies (seed drill and fertilizers)

  • Urbanization and Labor

    • Enclosure Act caused many small farmers to lose land, forcing them to move to cities to find work (Urbanization)

    • Rapid Urbanization: overcrowded, smoky, bad sanitation, poor housing, few open green spaces, long hours, low wages, child labor

    • Factory owners hired women and children because it was cheap labor

    • Seventy percent of Britain’s 1800s population was the labor class (this group suffered the most and benefitted the last from IR)

  • Political Stability and Support

    • Pro-business policies of the Gov (encouraged people to take risks)

    • relatively stable Government

  • Connection to rest of the world

    • emerging empire - colonized many places

    • access to foreign goods and raw materials like cotton form India and USA

Revolutions Timeline

• French Revolution

  • July 1789 - Storming of the Bastille

  • August 1789 - Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen

  • September 1791 - Constitution Limits Power of French Monarchy

  • September 1792 - French Monarchy Abolished

  • January 1793 - King Louis XVI is Executed

  • September 1793 - Reign of Terror Begins

  • August 1795 - New Constitution in Power in France

  • 1803 - 1815 Napoleonic Wars

  • March 1804 - Institution of Napoleonic Code

  • December 1804 - Napolean Crowned Emperor

  • April 1814 - Napolean Exiled to Elba

  • March 1815 - Napolean Returns to Paris After Escape from Elba

  • June 1815 - Napolean was Defeated at Waterloo and Exiled to St. Helena

  • May 1821 - Napolean Dies

• Haitian Revolution

  • August 1791 - Slaves Rise Up - Revolution Begins

  • February 1794 - France Freed Slaves on Saint Domingue

  • 1797 - 1798 - Toussaint L’Ouverture Consolidates His Power

  • January 1801 - L’Ouverture Made Governor of Colony

  • December 1801 - Napolean Sends Fleet to Take Control of Haiti

  • June 1802 - L’Ouverture Arrested and Deported to France

  • November 1803 - French Defeated in Haiti

  • January 1804 - Haitian Independence Declared

• Latin American Independence

  • 1813 - Independence of Paraguay

  • 1816 - Independence of Argentina

  • 1818 - Independence of Chile

  • 1819 - Independence of Columbia and Venezuela

  • 1821 - Independence of Mexico

  • 1822 - Independence of Ecuador and Brazil

  • 1825 - Independence of Bolivia

  • 1826 - Independence of Peru