a mental image or best example of a category (ex. typical four-legged chair)
New cards
11
algorithms
very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems
New cards
12
heuristics
mental shortcuts
New cards
13
insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution
New cards
14
representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to match prototypes (ex. a person who wears a suit and a briefcase must be a lawyer)
New cards
15
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory and how vivid it is (ex. shark attacks seem more likely than heart disease)
New cards
16
anchoring bias
a tendency to fixate on initial information
New cards
17
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore contradictory evidence
New cards
18
hindsight bias
I knew it all along
New cards
19
fixation
umbrella term for mental sets and functional fixedness
New cards
20
mental sets
problem solving strategies that have worked in the past
New cards
21
functional fixedness
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
New cards
22
framing
the way an issue is posed can affect decisions (ex. comparing medicine that has 10% death rate vs 90% survival rate)
New cards
23
IQ
mental age/chronological age x 100
New cards
24
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
New cards
25
G-factor
general intelligence underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
New cards
26
Linguistic, Logical/Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalist
Gardner’s 8 types of intelligence that are independent from each other
New cards
27
creative, analytical, and practical intelligences (CAP)
Sternberg’s 3 types of intelligences
New cards
28
standardization
uniform procedures in test administration to ensure that all participants take the same test under the same conditions and are scored by the same criteria, which in turn ensures that results can be compared to each other
New cards
29
Flynn Effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades (probably due to more access to education and nutrition)
New cards
30
encoding
the processing of information into the memory system
New cards
31
storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time
New cards
32
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
New cards
33
sensory memory
preserves brief sensory impressions
New cards
34
working memory
preserves recently perceived events for less than a minute without rehearsal
New cards
35
long-term memory
unlimited storage information to be maintained for long periods
New cards
36
automatic encoding
unconscious (ex. remembering what you ate yesterday)
New cards
37
effortful encoding
needs rehearsal or conscious repetition
New cards
38
Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve
information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it
New cards
39
implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
New cards
40
procedural memory
a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits
New cards
41
conditioned memory
a type of implicit memory formed from classical conditioning
New cards
42
episodic memory
a type of explicit memory based on experienced events
New cards
43
semantic memory
a type of explicit memory consisting of knowledge and concepts
New cards
44
absent-mindedness
inattention to details leads to encoding failure
New cards
45
source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined
New cards
46
transience
memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time
New cards
47
blocking
a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it
New cards
48
proactive and retroactive interference
PO (old memories interfere), RN (new memories interfere)
New cards
49
suggestibility
effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
New cards
50
misattribution
memory error in which you confuse the source of your information
New cards
51
persistence
the continual recurrence of unwanted memories
New cards
52
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
New cards
53
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one's past
New cards
54
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory (ex. SO__P)
New cards
55
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
New cards
56
state-dependent memory
recall memories that correspond with the same physiological or psychological state of mind (ex. sleepy, drunk, awake, depressed)
New cards
57
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
3 stages of memory: sensory, working, long-term
New cards
58
linguistic relativism
language influence the way we think about reality
New cards
59
crystallized intelligence
apply previously learned knowledge to solve a new task
New cards
60
fluid intelligence
solve new tasks for which there is no prior knowledge
New cards
61
Thurstone
criticized Spearman’s g-factor and proposed 7 mental abilities: verbal comprehension, reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, word fluency, associative memory, and spatial visualization
New cards
62
inductive reasoning
conclusion can be made based on available evidence and past experience
New cards
63
deductive reasoning
researcher starts with a hypothesis and examines possibilities in order to reach a specific conclusion
Studied by 90 people
