Hist Exam 1 review

For review/practice ONLY!

Harlem Hellfighters

369th regiment consisting of African American soldiers that fought along the french in 191 days in battle. Spread Jazz and pushed german troops behind rind river. Returned home in the United States, with decorated metals and a strong black military identity.

Harlem Renaissance

A Self Confidence and Arts movement of African-American culture. After the great migration to northern cities, Harlem blew up in artistic activity and African-American Identity. Poets, songwriters, musicians, novelists, painters and sculptors. People include Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, Zora Neale Hurston, Errand Douglas.

Richard Henry Pratt

Led Indian boarding schools intended to “Kill the Indian, save the man.” Sought federal funding to run Cal-isle Industrial Schools. Believed that there should be isolation in a white world. Blueprint for post 1920’s eradication of Indian culture.

Meriam Reports

A survey of Indian communities and reporting the crucial information back to the federal government. It detailed the treatment and expectations of the Richard Henry Pratts’ vision. Was important to the creation of Franklin Roosevelt’s “Indian New Deal”.

Great Depression

Started on October 29th 1929 with a stock market crash. There was other problems such as buying on margin, looking purchasing power, disposition of income, loss in wage increases, tariff policies restricting trade, slowing down of the auto industry affecting production of other industries. 1/4 is unemployed, there is a greater gap in class. Hobert Hoover had failed to directly relief the people. Instead he focused on the top, hoping it would trickle down to the welfare of the less fortunate.

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862 which provided a title to 160-acres of land for individuals who made improvements to land over a 5 year period.

Las Gorras Blancas

translating to “the white caps”; took place near Las Vegas, New Mexico. The herrera brothers (3 men) protested the theft of their land by vandalizing property. (They had a treaty when the Mexican war ended that land deals would be kept except the U.S. went against it)

Sand Creek Massacre 

The Colorado volunteers were a militia that sought out to drive natives out. They attacked while men were hunting and murdered 105 women and children and 25 men. Then militated their bodies.

Ghost Dance                

A religious movement, started In 1889 stricken by fever and solar eclipse, saw a supreme being. It was a song and dance to banish white people and send them down a hole. Then, their ancestors would rise from the dead, and buffalo would return.

Wounded Knee

A massacre that happened in December 29th of, 1890. James Forsythe was ordered to go to an encampment of Sioux and demand that they turn over their firearms. Indians were reluctant to comply, and gunfire was exchanged. Indians managed to break through that first wave of troops but met by these wagon mounted, rapid firing, repeating rifles, so called hotchkiss guns.

\
Black Elk “And westward of the drag to the high ridge, the dead women and children and babies were scattered.

When I saw this, I wished I had died, too, but I was not sorry for the women and children.”.

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued. Industrial city where there was high rent and low wages. There was a protest where it was initially peaceful, however turned violent when federal troops were called in. Although there was no justice, there was a start of a unionized strikes through the nation.

Populists

Political group consisting of the “common people”. Were working class, mostly of production workers. Wanted 8 hour work days, ant-immigration competition, government controlled railroads, banks, telegraph lines.

Wanted the Sub Treasury Act, to store crops in a government warehouse on a short term loan to obtain fair prices when the need for crops were to arise.

Chinese Exclusion Act

The first Federal government acts to exclude on the basis of race. The act excluded immigration of Chinese workers and deported 3/4ths of the Chinese population back to china. People had arrived from southern china and were debt-bound to pay off immigration costs. Centralized in dense populations where they had arrived to pay off the debt. Saw violence such as riots, lynchings, and widespread resentment towards Asians.

Spanish-American War

A United States ship was harbored in Havana and was suddenly blown up. The united states confronted spain with the idea of “The white man’s burden” and “big stick” and declared war. The united states won at the battle of san juan hill. Cuba was declared a free nation and sold the phillipines and costa rica. The US did not obtain territory, but established trade and military bases.

White Man’s Burden

The belief of the idea that the United States had to rescue foreign countries from economic poverty, democratic freedom and capitalism. Saw themselves as the white savior/knight and they had a “moral duty to colonize and civilize” Saw a significant rise in evangelicalism.

Progressivism

The spirit of reform in a movement that wanted to increase democracy in America by curbing the “common person’s quality of life” and power of the corporation. Saw development in politics, social issues, and in economics.

\
Targeted social issues “Majority move” and looked towards the federal government for social welfare, administer to immigrants in urban areas access to education, women’s suffrage, prostitution, temperance, and in economics. state level regulation of railroads, more and more state regulation of trusts.

\
10 hour work days, trust busting, meat inspection act, Hetburn Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, Monroe Doctrine

Mexican Revolution

It was complex, a kind of socialist revolution, had a fear of a capitalistic view with foreigners. Profio Dias was Mexican president and turning over land to foreign American business interests, wanting to modernizing Mexico.

1/5 of Mexico was owned by foreign businesses, and Francisco Madera had a call to arms. Business interests in the United States that would call him for Wilson to intervene and deployed the Marines to the Mexican coast. (interrupt armed shipments that were headed for Puerto's regime.)

Victoria Cuerto becomes president, Pancho Villa launches a raid across the US Mexican border. Failed expeditions of General Pershing.

Fourteen Points

The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for boundaries, international conduct, league of nations, new Europe map, open trade, and to dispute colonies.

Dawes Plan

Germany was forced to pay for reparations in the war and refused to pay. France pressured a military occupation, and the private sector stepped in. They composed a plan where investors would divide the reparations in half. They would pay it off with loans and interest.

Teapot Dome Scandal

President Harding cabinet member, who took bribes to allow one oil drilling company on public lands instead of auctioning it off to other companies.

Ku Klux Klan

Founded in Pulaski, Tenessee. Founded by Ex confederates and is a white suprematist terrorist organization. Was against black voters, immigrants, radicals, catholics. Attacked the homes of African Americans that tried to vote, go to school, and were landowners. Force Acts were designed to protect African American voters.

Scopes Trial

Several southern states passed legislation that outlawed the teaching of evolution. “Bible as literal truth” John Scopes outraged and attempted to teach it in the classroom and led to his arrest. Darrow is going to represent John Scopes in this trial. Fundamentalist cause is being represented by William Jennings Bryant. Trial was urban vs. rural America. Urban was educated, and rural believed in biblical truth. Intellectuals and the uneducated, between the privileged and the poor, between skeptics and the faithful.

Palmer Raids

Due to the red scare, A Mitchell palmer declared a “blaze of revolution”had engulfed the nation. Appointed J. Edgar Hoover to track radicals.

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities. Individual cities targeting harbored ideas, ideologies that Palmer and his men believed could lead to violence later. “A preemptive strike on alleged radicals of dubious constitutionality.”

Emma Goldman

Famous outspoken Russian advocate of labor rights, women's rights, birth control, anti-Conscription (forced draft). Once arrested, her subscribers were also found out. Deported back to Russia.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Executed Italian anarchists accused of having robbed the shoe factory of its payroll of $16,000 and accused of killing the paymaster, the payroll guy and a security guard. Followers of Italian anarchist, Luigi Galileani. “Anti capitalism, church, state.”

Lost Generation

Exiled artists and writers that arrived in Europe in the World War one post World War one years. They're looking at American mass culture, and all they see is materialism, anti intellectualism. They believed that artistic culture in the United States simply could not compete with artistic culture and Europe. It's about lost option. It's about sort of emotional weariness. It's about living in the shadow of World War one.

Haymarket Affair

May 1886, socialists and anarchist leaders organized a meeting in chicago’s haymarket square to protest strikers killed at the cities international harvester plant. Police arrived, and someone threw a bomb, and shots were fired; 10 died, and 50 were injured. 7 anarchists were arrested and sentenced to death. One were the knights of labor. This was after the Largest Labor union formed around the 1870s, called the Knights of Labor.

Ida B. Wells  

Anti-Lynching activist who was in charge of editing newspapers. She refused to give up her seat to a white man and L+Ratio-ed him in court. Reported on white mobs attacking black grocery stores and called them out on their reasonings on “rape”. Contributed to women’s suffrage.

American Protective League (APL)

250,000 Members, which branched into most cities, wire tapped conversations and conducted raids against newspapers and bookstores. Formed squads looking for people who were against the draft.

National Origins Act of 1924

1924-1965 Limited immigration to only 120,000 Europeans per year and favored countries such as England.

Created the Border Patrol, required foreigners to carry passports and visas to enter the states.

Targeted Italians, Germans, and Jews

Incited global protests; however, Latin Americans and Mexicans were exempted from quotas, allowing 800,000 people to migrate to the south. This act also denied 300,000 jewish immigrants.

Marcus Garvey

Jamacan Immigrant to new york. He was in charge of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and became the largest black nationalist movement in history. Was ultimately convicted of mail fraud and deported.

• 400 million people followed him

• established black owned and operated businesses

• Had their own national anthem, flag and corps

• was controversial at the time with questionable business and political tactics

(It was during this time where Pan-Africanism aimed to unite people of African American descent and seek equal rights and cast off white supremacy and colonialism.)

Edwin Stanton

As Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton acted as a spy for the radicals in cabinet meetings.

\-Lincoln's Secretary of War in 1860 \n -caused a kind of civil war within Congress by opposing Lincoln at almost every turn \n -This only added to the problems that Lincoln had to deal with during the Civil War \n -Fired by Johnson (caused his impeachment)

President Johnson asked him to resign in 1867. The dismissal of Stanton let to the impeachment of Johnson because Johnson had broken the Tenure of Office Law.

Al Capone

Supplied illegal liquor during prohibition. United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion. Gambling, prostitution, bootlegging, bribery, narcotics trafficking, robbery, “protection” rackets, and murder.