nursing exam 1

examinations in nursing school --- nursing history

NCLEX nextgen objectives

The learner will be able identify the different types of questions seen in nursing school and the NCLEX.

\n • The learner will be able to tell how the different types of questions are scored.

\n • Understand how case studies are the basis for many questions the learner will see on exams and how to isolate pertinent information to form a conclusion.

nursing process

Systematic method of giving humanistic care that focuses on achieving outcomes in a cost effective manner.

5 step process of the nursing process

\-assessment

\-diagnosis

\-planning

\-implementation

\-evaluation

assessment

\-collect data

\-verify data

\-organize data

\-identify patterns

\-report and record data

assessment important data

\- Name, age, gender, admitting diagnosis \n - Medical/surgical history, chronic illnesses \n - Advanced Directives \n - Laboratory Data/Diagnostic tests \n - Medications \n - Allergies \n - Support Services \n - Psychosocial/Cultural Assessment \n - Emotional state \n - Comprehensive Physical Assessment

diagnose

Assessment→ Critical analysis of data→Diagnosis or Problem Identification

\n -Novice nurse responsible for \n recognizing health problems, \n anticipating complications, initiating \n actions to ensure appropriate and timely \n treatment.

planning: 4 part process

1. Set your priorities of care, what needs to be \n done first, what can wait.

2. Apply Nursing Standards, Nurse Practice Act, \n National practice guidelines, hospital policy \n and procedure manuals.

3. Identify your goals & outcomes, derive them \n from nursing diagnosis/problem.

4. Determine interventions, based on goals. \n Record the plan (care plan/concept map)

implement

\-Putting your plan into action

\- Set priorities after report \n - Assess and reassess \n - Perform interventions \n - Chart client responses \n - Give report to next shift

evaluate

\-step of the nursing process that measures the client’s response to nursing actions and the client’s progress toward achieving goals

\-data collected on an on-going basis

\-then back to step 1!

nursing theory objectives

\-importance of models and theories in profession of nursing

\-analyze the four key concepts found in nursing models and theories

\-general systems theory helps in understanding nursing models and theories

\-evaluate how the four parts of all systems interact

differences between theories and models

theories are speculations about something not proved, begin with hypotheses, and have a role in evidence based practice

models are diagrams of concepts, conceptual models and more concrete than a theory

four key concepts common to nursing models

**-client/patient (individual/collective) :** complex entities, not just about disease

\
**-health :** difficult to define because it varies individually

\
**-environment :** physical environment and social aspects of environment

\
**-nursing** : the concept has expanded past providing comfort and helping to cure disease

grand theory

represents ideas and thinking of nursing as a whole

• roy’s adaptation model

• orem’s self-care model

• king’s model of goal attainment

• johnson behavioral systems model

• neumann healthcare system model

• watson’s theory of human caring

roy adaptation model

goal: client reaches highest level of functioning through adaptation

orem self care

health care is each individual’s own responsibility and the nurse helps clients direct and carry out activities to help maintain or improve health

king goal attainment

establish health care goals, direct clients care to meet goals and have personal, interpersonal, and social systems

johnson behavioral

integrates systems theory with behavioral theory, and considers client behavior to be the key to preventing illness and restoring health when illness occurs

neumann health care

focuses on the individual and their environment, applicable to a variety of health care disciplines apart from nursing, lines of defense and resistance

watson human caring

uses philosophical approach, holistic view of human being where total person is more important to nursing care than injury or disease, internal and external elements affect client behavior, state of illness is not synonymous with the disease process

hinduism

\n - Belief in good hygiene \n

\- First record of \n treatment outside the \n home

buddhism

\n • Development of public \n hospitals

\n • Disease prevention \n and good hygiene

\n • Refused contact with \n body fluids and \n dissection of the body

egyptians

\-disease caused by evil spirit

\
\-surgical procedures, midwives, preventive care, birth control

hebrews

• Mixed religion and \n medicine

• Good knowledge of \n anatomy and \n physiology

• Physician-priests \n performed operations

• Performed sacrifices \n and other rituals

• Prayer and healing

greeks

• Appeasing the gods

• Belief in abortion and infanticide

• Women not allowed to provide care outside the home

• Hippocrates changed practice in 400 B.C

romans

• developed more than 600 medicines from herbs and plants

• published medical textbooks

• performed physical therapy

christianity

• care was provided for the sick, poor, and disadvantaged

• previous practices of sacrifice were considered murder

• hospital like institutions established

• term nurse originated

renaissance

• the cornerstone of the nursing profession

• invention of the microscope and thermometer

• majority of health care provided by females

florence nightingale

• Underwent 3 months of nursing \n training

• Took nurses into service in the \n Crimean War

• Established the Nightingale \n Training School for nurses

• Published Notes on Nursing in \n 1860

• Awarded the Royal Red Cross

mary eliza mahoney

• First African-American RN in the \n USA

\n • 1878 – entered nursing program \n at age of 33

\n • One of four from class of 42 to \n graduate

\n • One of the original members of \n Nurses Associated Alumnae \n (American Nurses Association)

\n • Co-founded National Assoc. of \n Colored Graduate Nurses

\n • 1976 – inducted into Nursing \n Hall of Fame

susan b anthony

• guest speaker during the Nurse \n Registration Act hearing of 1903

\n • Fighter for Equal Rights for Women

\n • Pivotal in advancing the profession of \n nursing to a respected career

\n • Appealed to the nurses to remember \n the power and influence of their work

\n • Prophesied the requirement of a \n college education for nurses

clara barton

• First worked as a teacher

\n • Clerk in the US Patent Office

\n • Cared for Civil War soldiers at the \n battlefront

\n • Headed the search for missing soldiers

\n • Brought the Red Cross Organization to the \n US

\n • Instrumental in the US signing the Geneva \n Treaty (Amason & Stover,

world war I facts about nursing

• April 1917, 160 nurses

\n • 1917-18, 5 Base \n Hospitals overseas

\n • Armistice on Nov. 11, \n 1918 1386 Navy nurses \n in War Zone, overseas \n stations, and at 25 Naval \n Hospitals

\n • 19 died on active duty

\n • Four Navy Crosses \n awarded to nurses

\n • Peak of 1400 nurses

helen fairchild WWI

• One of 64 from PA \n Hospital Unit Ten

\n • Casualty Clearing \n Station

\n • Covered 2000 beds

\n • 14 hour days common

\n • Died from either \n chloroform or mustard \n gas bombing

margaret sanger

• Promoted the use of birth control

\n • 1913 – founded Woman Rebel

\n • 1914 – National Birth Control League

\n • 1916-1917 First birth control clinic

\n • 1927 – World Population Conference

\n • 1942 – Planned Parenthood Federation

world war II

• More than 59,000 American nurses

\n • Served under fire in field hospitals, \n evacuation hospitals, on trains, \n ships, and as flight nurses

\n • Less 4% of soldiers receiving care \n died

\n • 1944 – Army granted its nurses \n officers with commissions and full \n benefits

\n • Free education

vietnam war

• April 1956 – 3 nurses \n arrived in Saigon to train \n South Vietnamese nurses

\n • March 1962 – March 1973 \n more than 5000 Army \n nurses served in America’s \n longest war

\n • Average age 23.6 years

\n • 35% had more than 2 yrs \n of nursing experience

\
• Females (79%) and \n Males (21%)

\n • Evolution in trauma \n and combat casualty \n care

\n • Made intensive care \n nursing the standard

\n • Shock/trauma units

\n • Mortality rate was \n 2.6%/1000 compared \n to 4.5% in WWII

susie walking bear yellowtail

• First American Indian graduate \n registered nurse

• Dedicated her life to helping Native American peoples

• 1978 – honored by the American Indian Nurses Association