TERMS humanities

Fugue

polyphonic composition in which a theme is introduced by 1 instrument, repeated by each entering instrument, resulting in an interweaving blend of themes /imitations.

Opera

a dramatic work in one or more acts, set to music for singers and instrumentalists.

Rene Descartes

1637- accept nothing as true unless it can be proven mathematically, universal doubt- deny the existence of everything until you cant, then use deductive reasoning to prove everything else, dualism- natural truths can be proven mathematically, but the mind /soul operates differently, deductive reasoning- inquiry that moves from clearly established general principles to thoughts.

Parliament

the supreme legislative body of a usually major political unit that is a continuing institution comprising a series of individual assemblages.

Baldacchino

________: commissioned by Pope Urban XIII; Architectural sculpture; Twisted columns.

Idol of the tribe-

people's tendency to project the human condition onto the world, Idol of the cave- influence of our culture, upbringing, education, religion, Idol of the marketplace- errors caused by miscommunication, rhetoric, connotation, Idol of the theater-"false dogma "of philosophy, fads.

Glorious Revolution

1688; the series of events in 1688- 89 which culminated in the exile of King James II and the accession to the throne of William and Mary.

Still life:

a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which are either natural (food, flowers, dead animals, plants, rocks, shells, etc .)

Counter Reformation

efforts in the 16th and early 17th to oppose the Protestant Reformation and reform the Catholic church.

Empirical method

a manner of inquiry combining inductive reasoning and experimentation.

Geocentrism

a cosmological and planetary theory, in which the Earth occupies the central position of the world system.

Oratorio

\: choral work performed by narrator, chorus, orchestra; can be secular.

Cantata

music that provides a commentary on liturgical text.

Peter Paul Rubens

artwork: Marie de Medici cycle 1621- 25- presentation of her portrait to Henry VI and the Arrival and reception at Marseilles.

James II

He was the last Catholic monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Recitativo

way to advance the plot.

Brandenburg

Although he was admired by his contemporaries primarily as an outstanding harpsichordist, organist, and expert on organ building, he is now generally regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time and is celebrated as the creator of the Concertos, The Well- Tempered Clavier, the Mass in B Minor, and numerous other masterpieces of church and instrumental music.

Rembrandt

________: artwork: the militia company of captain frans banning Cocq (the nightwatch) 1642, self portrait, etchings.

Aria

________: elaborate melody, with orchestral accompaniment.

Mary

the oldest daughter of King Charles I of England and the sister of King James II of England.

Jesuit Order (Society of Jesus)

played an important role in the Counter-Reformation and eventually succeeded in converting millions around the world to Catholicism

Mannerism

movement away from ordered, balanced composition of the high renaissance

Realism

mid nineteenth century artistic movement characterized by subjects painted from everyday life in a naturalistic manner

Illusionism

a painting that creates the illusion of a real object or scene, or a sculpture where the artist has depicted figure in such a realistic way that they seem alive

Trompe loile

"fool the eye."

Piazza

St. Peters Piazza; a public square or marketplace

Colonnade

a row of columns supporting a roof,

**Genre

**borrowed from the French, means "type" or "form," is widely used in literature and film

Vanitas painting

Vanitas are closely related to memento mori still lifes which are artworks that remind the viewer of the shortness and fragility of life (memento mori is a Latin phrase meaning ‘remember you must die) and include symbols such as skulls and extinguished candles

Trio sonata

2 melody instruments and basso continuo

Concerto

composition for 1 or more solo instruments and full orchestra usually in 3 movements

Concerto grosso

Small group of solo instruments set against full orchestra sounds; movements fast-slow-fast

Concertino

a solo instrument or solo instruments playing with an orchestra

Canon

musical piece in which a subject is introduced and then initiated by successive voices

Bel canto

beautiful song, pure, precise vocal tone

Virtuoso

a skilled musician

Word painting

the musical technique of composing music that reflects the literal meaning of a song's lyrics or story elements in programmatic music

Subject / Countersubject (counterpoint)

the intro of 1 or more melodies above or below the main melody

Tulip mania

also called the Tulip Craze or the Tulip Bubble, was a period in which people in the Netherlands developed a passion for the many varieties of tulips that were becoming available

Heliocentrism

a cosmological model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point (e.g., of the solar system or of the universe) while the Earth and other bodies revolve around it

Deductive reasoning

Inquiry that moves from clearly established general principles to particular truths

Inductive reasoning

a type of reasoning that moves from specific instances to general principles

Parliamentarians

Parliament members, Led by Oliver Cromwell supported by the puritans

Puritans

members of a religious reform movement known as Puritanism that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century

Absolutism

also known as absolute monarchy or despotic monarchy, is a form of government in which the unlimited, undivided, and uncontrolled authority is conceded to a ruler (monarch) who is not bound by law and is not obliged to let other organs participate in governmental affairs (forms of government)

Council of Trent

called by Pope Paul III; Reaffirmation of the doctrines of Catholicism

Thirty Years War

was a 17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central Europe

English Civil War

primarily disputes between Crown and Parliament about how England, Scotland and Ireland should be governed

Restoration

1660; John Michael Wright, Charles II of England in Coronation Robes 1671-76; Charles II recalled from exile in France; Royal society established

Pope Paul III

the last of the Renaissance popes (reigned 1534-49) and the first pope of the Counter-Reformation

Ignatius of Loyola

a Spanish priest and theologian who founded the Jesuit order in 1534 and was one of the most influential figures in the Counter-Reformation

Elizabeth I, England

crowned queen in 1558; she succeeded to the throne on her half-sister's death in November 1558

James I, England

He created The King James Bible, published in English in 1611

Charles I

Charles I was the king of Great Britain and Ireland from 1625 to 1649

Oliver Cromwell

Lieutenant-General Oliver Cromwell was a Parliamentary commander during the British Civil Wars and later became Lord Protector

Charles II

was king of Great Britain and Ireland from 1660 to 1685

Louis XIII, France 1601-1643

his mother was Marie de Medici, began consolidation of power in monarchy, French academy established 1635, he restricted rights of Huguenots(Calvinists),

Cardinal Mazarin 1602-1661

regent from 1643-1661, ending of the Thirty Years War through the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 and his defeat of the Fronde in 1653

Louis XIV

ruled his country, principally from his great palace at Versailles, during one of the countrys most brilliant periods

Parmigianino

Parmigianino was one of the most remarkable portrait painters of the century outside Venice

Caravaggio

best known for being a renowned yet controversial Italian painter of the late 1500s and early 1600s

Gianlorenzo Bernini

Italian artist who was perhaps the greatest sculptor of the 17th century and an outstanding architect as well

Francesco Borromini

Italian architect who was a chief formulator of Baroque architectural style

Artemisia Gentileschi

Italian painter, daughter of Orazio Gentileschi, who was a major follower of the revolutionary Baroque painter Caravaggio

Andrea Pozzo

was an Italian Jesuit brother, Baroque painter, architect, decorator, stage designer, and art theoretician

Jacopo Peri

Italian composer noted for his contribution to the development of dramatic vocal style in early Baroque opera

Claudio Monteverdi

Italian composer in the late Renaissance, the most important developer of the then new genre, the opera

Johannes Pachelbel

German composer known for his works for organ and one of the great organ masters of the generation before Johann Sebastian Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach

composer of the Baroque era, the most celebrated member of a large family of north German musicians

George Frideric Handel

German-born English composer of the late Baroque era, noted particularly for his operas, oratorios, and instrumental compositions

Antonio Vivaldi

Italian composer and violinist who left a decisive mark on the form of the concerto and the style of late Baroque instrumental music

Jean Baptiste Lully

Italian-born French court and operatic composer who from 1662 completely controlled French court music and whose style of composition was imitated throughout Europe

Galileo Galilei

observations of sunspots/supernova/phases of venus indicated that the heavenly bodies are not perfectly formed or unchanging

Isaac Newton

law of universal gravitation, force of gravity holds planets in orbit

Francis Bacon

novum organum scientiarum (new method of science), 1620

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Dutch microscopist who was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa

Roger Bacon

English Franciscan philosopher and educational reformer who was a major medieval proponent of experimental science