TERMS humanities

Counter Reformation: efforts in the 16th and early 17th centuries to oppose the Protestant Reformation and reform the Catholic church

Jesuit Order (Society of Jesus): played an important role in the Counter-Reformation and eventually succeeded in converting millions around the world to Catholicism. The Jesuit movement was founded by Ignatius de Loyola, a Spanish soldier turned priest, in August 1534.

Mannerism: movement away from ordered, balanced composition of the high renaissance

Realism: mid nineteenth century artistic movement characterized by subjects painted from everyday life in a naturalistic manner

Illusionism: a painting that creates the illusion of a real object or scene, or a sculpture where the artist has depicted figure in such a realistic way that they seem alive

Trompe l’oile: “fool the eye.”

Baldacchino: commissioned by Pope Urban XIII; Architectural sculpture; Twisted columns.

Piazza: St. Peter’s Piazza; a public square or marketplace

Colonnade: a row of columns supporting a roof,

**Genre:**borrowed from the French, means "type" or "form," is widely used in literature and film. It can describe different kinds of stories and films, such as science fiction, detective, romance and horror.

Still life: a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which are either natural (food, flowers, dead animals, plants, rocks, shells, etc.) or man-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, etc.).

Vanitas painting: Vanitas are closely related to memento mori still lifes which are artworks that remind the viewer of the shortness and fragility of life (memento mori is a Latin phrase meaning ‘remember you must die’) and include symbols such as skulls and extinguished candles.

Trio sonata: 2 melody instruments and basso continuo

Concerto: composition for 1 or more solo instruments and full orchestra usually in 3 movements

Concerto grosso: Small group of solo instruments set against full orchestra sounds; movements fast-slow-fast

Concertino: a solo instrument or solo instruments playing with an orchestra

Canon: musical piece in which a subject is introduced and then initiated by successive voices

Opera: a dramatic work in one or more acts, set to music for singers and instrumentalists.

Recitativo: way to advance the plot

Aria: elaborate melody, with orchestral accompaniment

Bel canto: beautiful song, pure, precise vocal tone

Virtuoso: a skilled musician

Oratorio: choral work performed by narrator, chorus, orchestra; can be secular

Cantata: music that provides a commentary on liturgical text

Word painting: the musical technique of composing music that reflects the literal meaning of a song's lyrics or story elements in programmatic music.

Fugue: polyphonic composition in which a theme is introduced by 1 instrument, repeated by each entering instrument, resulting in an interweaving blend of themes/ imitations

Subject / Countersubject (counterpoint): the intro of 1 or more melodies above or below the main melody

Tulip mania: also called the Tulip Craze or the Tulip Bubble, was a period in which people in the Netherlands developed a passion for the many varieties of tulips that were becoming available.

Geocentrism: a cosmological and planetary theory, in which the Earth occupies the central position of the world system.

Heliocentrism: a cosmological model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point (e.g., of the solar system or of the universe) while the Earth and other bodies revolve around it.

Deductive reasoning: Inquiry that moves from clearly established general principles to particular truths.

Inductive reasoning: a type of reasoning that moves from specific instances to general principles.

Empirical method: a manner of inquiry combining inductive reasoning and experimentation.

Parliamentarians: Parliament members, Led by Oliver Cromwell supported by the puritans

Puritans: members of a religious reform movement known as Puritanism that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century

Absolutism: also known as absolute monarchy or despotic monarchy, is a form of government in which the unlimited, undivided, and uncontrolled authority is conceded to a ruler (monarch) who is not bound by law and is not obliged to let other organs participate in governmental affairs (forms of government).

Council of Trent: called by Pope Paul III; Reaffirmation of the doctrines of Catholicism.

Thirty Years’ War: was a 17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central Europe. It remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history, with more than 8 million casualties resulting from military battles as well as from the famine and disease caused by the conflict.

English Civil War: primarily disputes between Crown and Parliament about how England, Scotland and Ireland should be governed. But they also had religious and social dimensions as people sought answers in a time of turmoil.

Restoration: 1660; John Michael Wright, Charles II of England in Coronation Robes 1671-76; Charles II recalled from exile in France; Royal society established

**Glorious Revolution:**1688; the series of events in 1688-89 which culminated in the exile of King James II and the accession to the throne of William and Mary

Pope Paul III: the last of the Renaissance popes (reigned 1534–49) and the first pope of the Counter-Reformation.

Ignatius of Loyola: a Spanish priest and theologian who founded the Jesuit order in 1534 and was one of the most influential figures in the Counter-Reformation. Known for its missionary, educational, and charitable works, the Jesuit order was a leading force in the modernizing of the Roman Catholic Church.

Elizabeth I, England: crowned queen in 1558; Elizabeth succeeded to the throne on her half-sister's death in November 1558. She was very well-educated (fluent in five languages), and had inherited intelligence, determination and shrewdness from both parents. Her 45-year reign is generally considered one of the most glorious in English history.

James I, England: He created The King James Bible, published in English in 1611. This was the authorised version of the Bible in English, translated by bands of scholars. It was a hugely influential outcome of the 1604 Hampton Court conference, called by the King to debate differences in religion.

Charles I: Charles I was the king of Great Britain and Ireland from 1625 to 1649. His frequent quarrels with Parliament ultimately provoked a civil war that led to his execution on January 30, 1649.

Oliver Cromwell: Lieutenant-General Oliver Cromwell was a Parliamentary commander during the British Civil Wars and later became Lord Protector. A natural cavalry leader, he played a vital role in Parliament's victories at the Battles of Marston Moor and Naseby, before leading successful campaigns in Ireland and Scotland.

Charles II: was king of Great Britain and Ireland from 1660 to 1685. His political adaptability enabled him to guide his country through the religious unrest between Anglicans, Catholics, and dissenters that came to signify much of his reign.

James II: He was the last Catholic monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His reign is now remembered primarily for conflicts over religious tolerance.

William III of Orange and Mary II: William III was born William Henry in the Dutch Republic in 1650. His father was William II, Prince of Orange, and his mother was Mary, Princess of Orange. Mary was the oldest daughter of King Charles I of England and the sister of King James II of England

Parliament: the supreme legislative body of a usually major political unit that is a continuing institution comprising a series of individual assemblages

Louis XIII, France 1601-1643: his mother was Marie de’ Medici, began consolidation of power in monarchy, French academy established 1635, he restricted rights of Huguenots(Calvinists),

Cardinal Richelieu:

Cardinal Mazarin 1602-1661: regent from 1643-1661, ending of the Thirty Years War through the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 and his defeat of the Fronde in 1653

Louis XIV: ruled his country, principally from his great palace at Versailles, during one of the country’s most brilliant periods. Today he remains the symbol of absolute monarchy of the classical age.

Jacopo Pontormo: Florentine painter who broke away from High Renaissance classicism to create a more personal, expressive style that is sometimes classified as early Mannerism.

Parmigianino: Parmigianino was one of the most remarkable portrait painters of the century outside Venice. Some of his best portraits are in Naples, in the National Museum and Gallery of Capodimonte, including the Gian Galeazzo Sanvitale (1524) and the portrait of a young woman called Antea (c. 1535–37)

Caravaggio: best known for being a renowned yet controversial Italian painter of the late 1500s and early 1600s. Some of his best-known works of art are Sick Bacchus, The Musicians, Head of the Medusa, The Conversion of St. Paul, The Entombment of Christ, and The Beheading of St. John.

Gianlorenzo Bernini: Italian artist who was perhaps the greatest sculptor of the 17th century and an outstanding architect as well. created the Baroque style of Sculpture and developed it to such an extent that other artists are of only minor importance in a discussion of that style.

Francesco Borromini: Italian architect who was a chief formulator of Baroque architectural style. changed his name from Castelli about 1627) secured a reputation throughout Europe with his striking design for a small church, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome.

Artemisia Gentileschi: Italian painter, daughter of Orazio Gentileschi, who was a major follower of the revolutionary Baroque painter Caravaggio. She was an important second-generation proponent of Caravaggio’s dramatic realism.

Andrea Pozzo: was an Italian Jesuit brother, Baroque painter, architect, decorator, stage designer, and art theoretician.

Rembrandt: artwork: the militia company of captain frans banning Cocq (the nightwatch)1642, self portrait, etchings

Johannes Vermeer: artwork: girl with pearl earrings 1665, the lace maker 1671, the cartographer 1668-9

Judith Leyster: member of Haarlem painters guild, artwork: self portrait 1630, the last drop 1639, the proposition 1631

Peter Paul Rubens: artwork: Marie de’ Medici cycle 1621-25- presentation of her portrait to Henry VI and the Arrival and reception at Marseilles

Christopher Marlowe

William Shakespeare:1564-1616: active 1590-1610, during the reign of queen Elizabeth I, poet/playwright/actor, lord Chamberlain’s men company: part owner of the globe theater

Jacopo Peri: Italian composer noted for his contribution to the development of dramatic vocal style in early Baroque opera.

Claudio Monteverdi: Italian composer in the late Renaissance, the most important developer of the then new genre, the opera. He also did much to bring a “modern” secular spirit into church music.

Johannes Pachelbel: German composer known for his works for organ and one of the great organ masters of the generation before Johann Sebastian Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach: composer of the Baroque era, the most celebrated member of a large family of north German musicians. Although he was admired by his contemporaries primarily as an outstanding harpsichordist, organist, and expert on organ building, he is now generally regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time and is celebrated as the creator of the Brandenburg Concertos, The Well-Tempered Clavier, the Mass in B Minor, and numerous other masterpieces of church and instrumental music.

George Frideric Handel: German-born English composer of the late Baroque era, noted particularly for his operas, oratorios, and instrumental compositions. He wrote the most famous of all oratorios, Messiah (1741), and is also known for such occasional pieces as Water Music (1717) and Music for the Royal Fireworks

Antonio Vivaldi: Italian composer and violinist who left a decisive mark on the form of the concerto and the style of late Baroque instrumental music.

Jean Baptiste Lully: Italian-born French court and operatic composer who from 1662 completely controlled French court music and whose style of composition was imitated throughout Europe.

Nicholas Copernicus: Three models of the cosmos Copernicus- proposed heliocentric (sun-centered) view of universe on the revelations of the heavenly bodies 1543,

Tycho Brahe: 1546-1601: Three models of the cosmos Brahe- heliocentric, but earth does not orbit sun, all of the planets orbited the sun, and the sun and the moon orbited the Earth

Johannes Kepler: 1571-1630: Three models of the cosmos Kepler- elliptical orbits, with the planets moving faster the closer they are to the sun, Astronomia Nova 1609- contained his first 2 laws of planetary motion: 1. All planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, 2. Planets move more quickly the closer they are to the sun, Harmonices Mundi 1619- 3rd law of the planetary motion: mathematical harmony between speed of orbit + distance from the sun

Galileo Galilei: observations of sunspots/supernova/phases of venus indicated that the heavenly bodies are not perfectly formed or unchanging

Isaac Newton: law of universal gravitation, force of gravity holds planets in orbit

Francis Bacon: novum organum scientiarum (new method of science), 1620

Idol of the tribe- people's tendency to project the human condition onto the world, Idol of the cave- influence of our culture, upbringing, education, religion, Idol of the marketplace- errors caused by miscommunication, rhetoric, connotation, Idol of the theater- “false dogma” of philosophy, fads

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: Dutch microscopist who was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa. His researches on lower animals refuted the doctrine of spontaneous generation, and his observations helped lay the foundations for the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology.

Roger Bacon: English Franciscan philosopher and educational reformer who was a major medieval proponent of experimental science. he studied mathematics, astronomy, optics, alchemy, and languages.

Rene Descartes: discourse on method 1637- accept nothing as true unless it can be proven mathematically, universal doubt- deny the existence of everything until you can’t, then use deductive reasoning to prove everything else, dualism- natural truths can be proven mathematically, but the mind/soul operates differently, deductive reasoning- inquiry that moves from clearly established general principles to thoughts.

Bishop Bossuet: 1627-1704 and the divine right of kings: Divine Right absolute monarchy