Pharm Principles

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78 Terms

1

Why should we care about pharmacology as PTs?

  • Helps us optimize therapy sessions (ex. pain meds)

  • Helps us choose optimal session times (ex. after a pts sedatives wear off)

  • Avoid/control adverse responses

  • Helps us recognize side effects

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2

What are the two main branches that form pharmacology?

  • Pharmacotherapeutics

  • Toxicology

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3

What are the two main branches under pharmacotherapeutics?

  • Pharmacokinetics

  • Pharmacodynamics

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4

What are the branches that fall under pharmacokinetics?

  • Absorption

  • Distribution

  • Elimination

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5

What are the branches that fall under pharmacodynamics?

  • Systemic effects

  • Cellular effects

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6

N-acetyl-p-aminophenol is an example what kind of drug nomenclature?

Chemical name

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7

What is the drug nomenclature for the compound structure?

Chemical name

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8

Acetaminophen, levodopa, phenobarbital, and diazepam are all examples of what drug nomenclature?

Generic name

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9

What drug nomenclature is derived from the chemical name?

Generic name

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10

What is the drug nomenclature that represents the official or nonprioprietary drug name?

Generic name

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11

The trade name has to refer or be derived from the chemical or generic name. True or false?

False

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12

Tylenol, Larodopa, Luminal, and Valium are all examples of what drug nomenclature?

Trade/brand name

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13

What drug nomenclature should we use? Why?

Generic name because it is the easiest and the most consistent

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14

Your pt insist that they take the brand name cold medication over the generic Walmart cold medication. Why might that be?

Because they believe that the generic name medication (Walmart in this instance) is a lower quality compared to the brand name

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15

Which of the following correctly shows how the generic and brand name will be written in print together?

  • generic(Brand Name)

  • Generic(brand name)

  • Brand Name(generic)

  • brand name(Generic)

generic(Brand Name)

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16

When in print, what drug name will always be in lower case, the generic name of the brand name?

The generic name

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17

When in print, what drug name will always be in upper case, the generic name or the brand name?

Brand name

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18

What kind of drugs are less expensive, generic or brand name?

Generic

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19

What has to be the same between a generic and name brand drug?

  • Same type and amount of active ingredient

  • Same administration route

  • Same pharmacokinetic profile

  • Same therapetuic effects

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20

What criteria need to be met for a drug to be considered bioequivalent?

  • Same type and amount of active ingredient

  • Same administration route

  • Same pharmacokinetic profile

  • Same therapeutic effects

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21

Even though generic and brand name drug are bioequivalent, why might a pt respond differently to the two meds?

The different inactive ingredients may alter how the medications are absorbed by the pt

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22

What are the roles of the FDA in relation to drug regulation?

  • Monitor the use of existing drugs

  • Assess the development of new drugs

  • Approve new drugs for market

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23

What are the primary concerns of the FDA when they are looking at new, developing, and existing drugs?

  • Their effectiveness at treating a certain condition

  • Their safety

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24

How long do in vitro studies typically last?

2 years

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25

How long does animal testing typically last?

Roughly 2 years

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26

How long does clinical testing typically last for a drug?

4-5 years

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27

How many phases are there in the clinical testing portion?

3

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28

When does a drug become an invesigational new drug (IND)?

After it completes animal testing

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29

When a drug is going through in vitro studies and animal studies, what things are researchers primarily looking at?

  • Drug efficacy

  • Selectivity

  • The mechanism of the drug

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30

How many subjects are used during phase 1 of clinical testing?

20-100

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31

How many subjects are used during phase 2 of clinical testing?

100-200

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32

How many subjects are used during phase 3 of clinical testing?

1000-6000

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33

What are researchers looking at during phase 1 clinical testing?

  • The safety of the drug

  • The parmacokinetics of a drug

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34

What are researchers looking at during phase 2 of clinical testing?

If the drug works in pts

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35

At what phase of clinical testing is a double blind study performed?

Phase 3

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36

After how many years of testing can a new drug application (NDA) be filled out?

8-9 years

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37

How many years after filing a NDA does a drug patent expire?

20 years

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38

What are some special situations where a drug is put through the drug approval process more quickly?

  • When the drug is being made to treat a life threatening condition and is…

    • Better than current options

    • There are no other treatments for the condition

  • If the drug has already been approved for one condition and is being treated for another condition

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39

What are orphan drugs?

Drugs that are made for very rare diseases. FDA helps with funding because cost of development is so high for these drugs

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40

What is off label prescribing?

The use of a drug to treat a condition other than what it was originally made to treat

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41

How is off label use often found?

Via clinical observation

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42

How do practitioners prescribe medications off label?

Based on their clinical judgement

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43

If a pt is struggling financially, why might it not be a good idea for a practitioner to do an off label prescription?

Insurance companies often don’t pay for off label use cuz they suck

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44

What are the differences between a prescription and a OTC?

  • Prescriptions are ordered and dispensed by an authorized practitioner (physician, nurse practitioner, dentist)

  • OTCs are purchased directly by the consumer

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45

In regards to pharm, what are the roles of a PT?

  • Educate and counsel pt about purpose of meds

  • Reinforce proper use

  • Educate pts on potential benefits

  • Refere pt to provider if they got questions or concerns

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46

Can PTs directly prescribe or administer OTC products?

Heck to the no

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47

What are complimentary and alternative meds classified as by the FDA?

Dietary substances

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48

What percentage of US adults use some form of complimentary and/or alternative meds (CAMs)?

Roughly 38%

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49

What are some examples of CAMs?

  • Herbal preparations

  • Vitamins

  • Minerals

  • Other nutritional substances

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50

What the heck is a complimentary medication?

A substance that is used in addition to a conventional treatment

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51

What the heck is an alternative medication?

A substance used as a substitute for a more traditional or mainstream tx

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52

Patient’s do not have to report CAM use to healthcare providers. True or false?

False! They should let their healthcare providers know

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53

Since CAMs are listed as food/dietary supplements, what does that mean for their regulation?

They are not subject to the same standards for quality and purity as traditional medications

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54

What are some potential adverse effects of CAMs?

  • Increase or decrease in effectiveness of real meds

  • Can produce their own side effects

  • Can damage liver since most CAMs are metabolized in the liver

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55

What year was The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act made?

1970

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56

What schedule drug is considered to have the highest abuse potential?

Schedule 1

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57

How many schedules of drugs are there?

5

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58

What drug schedule is said to have the lowest abuse potential?

Schedule 5

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59

A drug in what schedule is not allowed to be a medical treatment?

Schedule 1

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60

A drug in what schedule cannot be studied in research that is being funded by federal grants?

Schedule 1

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61

What are some examples of schedule 1 drugs?

  • Heroin

  • LSD, Mescaline, Peyote

  • Ecstasy

  • Marijuana

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62

What are some examples of schedule 2 drugs?

  • Morphine

  • Fentanyl

  • Amphetamine derivatives

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63

What are some examples of schedule 3 drugs?

  • Codeine

  • Anabolic steroids

  • Some barbiturates

  • Amphetamines that aren’t schedule 2

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64

What are some examples of schedule 4 drugs?

  • Certain antianxiety drugs

  • Certain barbiturates

  • Some depressants & stimulants

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65

What are some examples of schedule 5 drugs?

  • Low doese opioids (like the ones in cough meds)

  • Anti-diarrheal

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66

What factors are considered when deciding a drug dosage?

  • If the dose is large enough to allow for an adequate concentration to reach the target site

  • If the dose is able to produce a beneficial response

  • If the dose is low enough so that is will not produce any toxic effects

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67

What is a threshold dose?

The minimal dose needed to elicit a response

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68

What is the ceiling effect?

The point at which a drug produces its most significant response. At this point, an increase in dose will not increase the response

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69

What does potency mean?

A dose that produces a specific response at a specific amplitude. The amount of a compound required to produce a given response

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70

Drug A only requires 10 mg to lower BP by 25%. Drug B requries 80 mg to lower BP 25%. Which drug is more potent? Which drug is the better drug?

  • Drug A is more potent

  • Neither drug is better than the other based off this information. A more potent drug does not mean a drug is better

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71

Does potency always equal maximum efficacy?

Nope

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72

Drug A is able to decrease arterial pressure by 40%. Drug B is able to decrease arterial pressure by 60%. Which drug has a greater maximum efficacy?

Drug B

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73

What are some good measures of drug safety?

  • Therapeutic index

  • Drug selectivity

  • Cumulative dose-response curves

  • Median effective dose

  • Therapeutic index (TI)

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74

What does ED50 mean?

The median effective dose. The point at which 50% of the population responds to a drug in a specific manner

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75

What does TD50 mean?

The median toxic dose. When 50% of the population exhibits the adverse effect

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76

At what phase of clinical testing is the relationship between the dose of a drug and the occurrences of a certain response measured in a large group of people?

Phase III

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77

What do dose response curves look at?

The percentage of a population that exhibits a specific response as a dose increases

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78

The greater the therapeutic index value, the more dangerous the drug. True or false?

False! A greater therapeutic index value means the drug is safer

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