AP HUMSN GEOGRAPHY UNIT 7

Industrialization

the transformation of an economy from primarily agriculture-based to one reliant on manufacturing and other industrial activities

deindustrialization

the decline of industrial activity in a region or country, often marked by a decrease in manufacturing jobs and the closure of factories

break-of-bulk points

a location where large shipments of goods are broken down into smaller containers for delivery to local markets

primary production/ primary sector

the activities involved in extracting and harvesting raw materials directly from the earth

Secondary production/secondary sector

economic activities that process, refine, and transform raw materials into manufactured goods and finished products.

Tertiary production/tertiary sector

encompasses economic activities that provide intangible services to consumers

Quaternary production

economic activities that involve the processing and dissemination of knowledge and information

Quinary production

represents the highest level of decision-making and knowledge-based services, often including top executives, government officials, and those involved in advanced research and development

Development

the improvement of a country's standard of living and overall well-being

Empowerment

the process of increasing the capacity of individuals or groups to make choices and transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes, particularly within the context of social, political, or economic systems

Bulk-gaining industry

an industry where the final product weighs more or has a larger volume than its raw materials or inputs

Bulk-reducing industry

an industry where the final product weighs less than the raw materials used in its production

Gross national income

the total income of a country's residents, including earnings from domestic and foreign sources

Gross domestic product

the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given time period, usually a year

Human Development Index (HDI)

a summary measure of a country's average achievements in health, knowledge, and living standards

Inequality Adjusted HDI (IHDI)

adjusts the HDI by taking into account inequality in the distribution of these dimensions across a population.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

measures gender inequality across three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.

Gender Development Index (GDI)

Measures gender inequality in achievement in three basic dimensions of human development: health, education, and income.

Comparative advantage

the principle where individuals, companies, or countries produce goods or services for which they have the lowest opportunity cost

Complementarity

the relationship between two places where one place has a resource or service that another place needs or wants

Neoliberal policies

policies that promote free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending

• These policies/initiatives include the EU, NAFTA, World Trade Organization (WTO), Mercosur (Southern Common Market- South American trading bloc), and OPEC → all help to encourage globalization

Maquiladoras

a manufacturing plant, typically located in northern Mexico near the US border, that imports materials duty-free, assembles them using low-cost labor, and then exports the finished product, paying duties only on the "value added"

Outsourcing

a company engaging a third-party entity to perform services or tasks that were previously handled internally

Special economic zones

a geographically defined area within a country where business and trade laws differ from the rest of the nation, primarily to attract foreign investment

Free trade zones

a designated area within a country where trade-related laws are relaxed, allowing for the import, storage, and export of goods with reduced or no tariffs.

Export processing zones

a designated area within a country offering special incentives, like tax breaks and simplified regulations, to attract foreign investment, primarily in manufacturing for export

Post- Fordist production

a shift away from the standardized, mass production model of Fordism towards more flexible, specialized, and often networked production methods.

Multiplier Effect

describes how an initial economic change (like a new industry or investment) can lead to a larger, snowballing impact on an area's overall economic activity

Agglomeration

the clustering of businesses or industries within a specific geographic area, leading to a concentration of activity and resources

Economies of scale

the cost advantage a company experiences when it increases its production volume.

Just-in-time delivery

an inventory management system where goods are delivered exactly when they are needed in production or consumption, minimizing storage and waste

Growth poles

a location, typically an urban area, that serves as a catalyst for economic development and growth, often spreading prosperity to surrounding regions

Ecotourism

a form of tourism that focuses on experiencing nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way, while also benefiting the local community and contributing to conservation efforts