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Eukaryote
An organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes, originating from protists.
Protists
Eukaryotic organisms that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi.
Kingdoms of Eukaryotes
The four main classifications of eukaryotic life:animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
Nuclear Envelope
A membrane that encloses the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
Mitosis and Meiosis
Processes of cell division in eukaryotes; mitosis for growth and repair, meiosis for sexual reproduction.
Mitochondrial Cellular Respiration
A process by which cells convert nutrients into energy using mitochondria.
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that provides structural support and shape to eukaryotic cells.
Monophyletic Groups
Groups of organisms that consist of a common ancestor and all its descendants; there are seven such groups among protists.
Endosymbiosis
A process where a eukaryotic cell engulfs a proteobacterium, which evolves into mitochondria.
Evidence of Endosymbiosis
Characteristics of mitochondria that support their origin from proteobacteria, including size, replication method, ribosomes, double membranes, and genomes.
Secondary Endosymbiosis
A process where an ancient protist engulfs a photosynthetic cyanobacterium, leading to the development of chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts
Organelles responsible for photosynthesis, found in Plantae and some protist lineages, characterized by having two membranes.
Photosynthesis
The process by which organisms convert light energy into chemical energy; not performed by modern animals and fungi.
Reproduction in Protists
Protists can reproduce both sexually and asexually, with sexual reproduction being unique to eukaryotes.
Alternation of Generations
A reproductive cycle in multicellular protists involving both haploid and diploid forms.
Sporophytes
The diploid stage in the life cycle of protists that produces haploid spores.
Gametophyte
The mature haploid form that produces gametes through mitosis in the life cycle of protists.
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