Unit 1: The Global Tapestry (1200-1450)

Big Idea #1: Song China maintained and justified its rule through Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy. Buddhism continued to shape China’s society. The Song economy flourished during this period.

• The expansion of the civil service exam to work in the imperial bureaucracy through Confucian beliefs.

  • Created order and stability and a system of meritocracy.

• Buddhism was a result of outside influence (in India). Theravada - monks(personal/spiritual growth; big in Southeast Asia), Mahayana - everyone (spiritual growth of all things; China and Korea), Tebetin (outward nature/influence)

  • Zen Buddhism - synchronized with Buddhism and Confucianism

• Filial piety - organization structure of the family and society was through the obligation of obedience to one’s parents (hierarchal)

• Footbinding - young girls (upper class), bound feet tightly

  • Sign of high social status

• Song Economy - positively flourished

  • Champa Rice - harvest several times a year and expanded agricultural production

    • Increased population

  • Grand Canal

    • Made China most prosperous trading center in the world

  • Tribute System

Big Idea #2: As the Abbasid Caliphate was falling apart, new Islamic political entities emerged, and they engaged in significant expansion, while creating the occasion for intellectual innovations.

• Delhi Sultanate and Mamluk Sultanate emerge

  • Both different because mainly made of Turkic people, not Arabs

  • But relied on the same practices to govern like Abbasid

• Spread of Islam

  • Military expansion

  • Merchants - went to different trading ports like West Africa, as Muslim merchants traded with Africans, it made them want to convert because of the trading relationship

    • Made literate officials and religious legitimacy to the state

  • Missionary activities (like Sufis)

    • Internal experience of the believer to connect to Allah

    • Adapt to local forms and cultures in other areas

• Intellectual Innovations and Transfers

  • Algebra, Trigonometry

  • Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

  • A’ishah al-Ba’uniyya - poet; innovation on literature

  • Adapted and adopted papermaking from China

  • Used and preserved knowledge from the past like the Greeks and Indians

Big Idea #3: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam deeply influenced state building in South and Southeast Asia

• South Asia

  • Delhi Sultanate (sultanate = Islamic Empire)

    • Established in northern India

    • Constant tension between Hinduism and Islam

    • Muslims imposed tax, jizya to non-Muslims

    • Hinduism and Islam were opposites (monotheistic vs polytheistic; caste system vs equality)

    • Bhakti Movement - mystical movement of Hinduism (similar to Sufis)

      • Strong attachment to a certain deity

      • Like Sufis, help spread Hinduism because could comfort to other cultures

• Southeast Asia

  • Instrumental in trade in sea-based empires

    • Merchants spread Hinduism and Buddhism to kingdoms

    • Srivijaya Kingdom - was Hindu; prospered by taxing ships

    • Majapahit Kingdom - Buddhist; prospered by controlling sea routes

  • Land-Based Empires

    • Khmer Empire - complex irrigation, drainage system, began Hindu then changed to Buddhism

      • Angkor Mat

Big Idea #4: The various civilizations of the Americas developed strong states, large urban centers, and complex belief systems

• Cahokia

  • Had a rigid caste system

  • Mississippian Culture

  • Built massive mounds

• Aztecs/Mexicas

  • Tenochtitlán (capital; present-day Mexico)

  • Had marketplaces and big city

  • Tribute system - goods and services to the conquering land

    • Exercise political dominance without being in the land; consolidate power

• Inca

  • Large land

  • Mita system

    • People were made mandatory public service (state-sponsored service like roads)

Big Idea #5: African state building was facilitated through participation in trade networks and religions.

• Great Zimbabwe

  • Prospered from trade (gold)

  • Participation in the Indian Ocean Trade Route connected them to East, Southeast Asia, and Middle East

  • Swahili - Bantu + Arabic language

    • Africans trading with Muslims

  • Overgrazing left to abandonment

• African state building never had strong centralized state over territory; organized by kinship based communities

  • Men did jobs like blacksmiths

  • Women did agriculture and gathering

Big Idea #6: State building in Europe was characterized by religious belief, feudalism, and decentralized monarchies.

• Religion

  • Roman Catholic Church was in power (continuity), universities were in church

• Muslims in Spain and some Jews

  • Shaped European society; wanted what Muslims were trading and Jews were middleman

• FEUDALISM - loyalty between classes based on land-ownership (strict hierarchical system)

  • Bottom was the serfs/peasants who tended the land

  • Decentralized

  • Three-field system (innovation) - divide fields into 3 and plant in 2 of them and left one of them fallow (nutrients grow stronger, don’t have to move anywhere)

    • More food, more people

• 1000-1450 - everything is decentralized politically —>

  • rise of monarchs - consolidate power and took away from lords

Unit 2: Networks of Exchange (1200-1450)

Big Idea #1: Innovations expanded trade routes.

• Strong empires promote trade and facilitate trade

  • Paper money from China

  • Innovations of early banks (bills of exchange)

  • Italy becomes an important city (gaining wealth and stop)

  • Caravanserai - a motel on a Silk Road & Trans-Saharan (resting stop for merchants)

  • Song China expanded universities, got rid of curfews, intermixing quarters

  • Abbasid Caliphate - House of Wisdom (Baghdad), invited scholars to help translate material (Algebra)

  • Promoted scholarship

• Silk Road - luxury goods

• Trans-Saharan Trade - gold, slave trade, salt, horses

  • Used camels

  • Camel saddles were invented (technology)

• Indian Ocean Trade Network

  • You can carry tons of stuff

    • Lateen sail, junk (China)

    • Compass, astrolabe

  • The West trying to get to the East/Pacifc

Big Idea #2: New states rose on key points of those trade routes.

• Individual states rising like coastal cities (Swahili) which causes mixing

• Rise of independent city states like Medici

• Rujarats become powerful in India

• Central Asia - Kashgar and Samarkand

• Timbuktu in Mali rose

• Island nations rose

  • Majapahit - controlled a strait even though one little island

    • Don’t have to farm or produce; gain power by controlling land and people

    • Work with sea nomads to guide ships into strait so they can tax

    • Control strait and make then pay a tax

    • Don’t directly control, but gain influence islands

    • Similar to Europeans (Portugal)

• Mongols - nomadic group connected trade routes and conquer massive land-based empire

  • Sponsor ton of innovations

  • Cannons invented to help other people

  • Create a ton of cultural diffusion

Big Idea #3: Cultural diffusion!

• When people move, they bring their culture with them

  • People traveled

    • Ibn Battuta - Muslim scholar from Morocco and explore Dar al-Islam

      • Documented Islamic civilizations and Asia and how they practices Islam

      • Some are matriarchal and Islam

    • Mansa Musa

      • Pilgrimage to Mecca

      • Had so much gold and Italian cities start to build cities in Africa

      • Had tales about gold —> start to explore Africa

    • Marco Polo

      • Mongols tolerant and open

      • Arrived to Khubilai Khan in Yuan Dynasty

      • Wrote about his journeys and the Mongols

      • Mongols were open to different people

  • Crusades - Christians going to Holy Land to recapture from Muslims

    • Failed but got lots of knowledge from Arabs and go back with them to Europe

    • Catholic Church doesn’t support the new ways (numerals)

  • Syncretism

    • Swahili (Bantu + Arabic)

    • Mongols don’t have own script

      • Adopted Uighers (Muslims) script

    • Islam spreads through trade especially in Africa

      • Conquered like Delhi Sultanate

        • Usually backlash from traditional culture (Bhakti Movement like Protestant Reformation)

    • Buddhism in China

      • Neo-Confucianism

      • The Song don’t like it because based on Confucianism and were scared they were going to go to Buddhism

        • Combined Confucianism and mix Buddhism and Daosim

Big Idea #4: Exchange led to population change.

• Champa Rice (tributary payment) to China —> population boom

  • More production agricultural and let people do other stuff and not worry (eases the burden of agricultural work and people can be more innovate and educated because of stable food supply)

• Bananas from Indonesia to Africa

  • Yam was original plant, but grown in a specific area and doesn’t grow very well

  • Bananas allowed Africans to travel everywhere

• Europe - failed Crusades and feudalism

  • Black Death from Mongols breaks apart traditional medieval structures and lead to something new

  • Chinese innovations - they perfect gunpowder, compass, and paper

  • Not doing very well, but now they have everything they need to explore the world and more motivated (Gold in Sahara Desert and in Asia)

Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (1450-1750)

Big Idea #1: (Gunpowder) Empires use gunpowder to expand.

• Ottomans (Sunni) vs Safavid (Shi’a) conflicts

• In conflict for religious and religious reasons

• Used gunpowder to expand and conquer

Big Idea #2: Empires administered through religion, art, and taxes (& putting people in the government).

• Through art and architecture (Palace of Versailles (France, Louis XIV), Taj Mahal (Mughal), St. Basil’s Cathedral (Moscow))

• Through religion (and art)

• Tax farming to make money for the empire

• Manchu Empire, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Mughal Empire, Tokugawa Shogunate, Aztecs

• Putting people in the government

  • Devshirme - blood tax and raise them to Janissaries or scholars and convert them to Muslim (how they put people in their government)

  • China - civil service exam to put people in their government

• People amazed at monumental structures and shows the power (doesn’t need forts to showcase power)

• Legitimize power by diving right, religion, tax collection

• Ottomans are multicultural (which lead to revolutions because of nationalism)

• Akbar in the Mughal was very tolerant (get more people to trade there)

Big Idea #3: Empires used belief systems and also battled because of them.

• Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation (split between Catholic and Protestants)

  • Similar to Ottomans (Sunni) and Safavids (Shi’a) rivalry

• Sikhism in India (brand new) —> syncretism (Muslim and Hinduism)

  • Mughal Empire - Muslim ruling over Hinduism majority

Unit 4: Maritime Empires (1450-1750)

Big Idea #1: New and updated maritime technology facilitated transoceanic trade and the development of sea-based empires.

• Europe was struggling at the end of the last unit, but now new technology helps them establish maritime empires.

• Technology/knowledge borrowed and updated from other people and made their own new technology

  • Borrowed - Europeans were borrowing from classical texts and ideas, Islamic texts and ideas, and Asian

    • Astrolabe (Greeks and Muslims)

    • Magnetic compass (Chinese)

    • Lateen sail (triangular sail, from merchants in Mediterranean)

      • Took wind from both sides

  • New Technology - Europeans made their own

    • Portuguese made the caravel

      • Smaller, quicker, navigable, nimble, and used square and lateen sails, and good cargo hold

      • Trade ships

    • Dutch made the fluyt

      • Lots of cargo space, allowed Dutch VOC (DEIC) to dominate sea trade

      • Dutch East India Company - trading company in India

Big Idea #2: European state sponsored exploration led to a rapid expansion of trade and trans-Atlantic contact with the Americas.

• Wealth building, Christianity spreading, and competition with other states were reasons why

  • Wealth Bulding -

    • Wanted access to Indian Ocean trade and wanted spices in Asia

    • The Muslims controlled land-based routes and couldn’t enter there through land —> Europeans try to go by water than land

  • Spread of Christianity -

    • Christianity tied to political structure

  • Compeittion with other states

• Portuguese**

  • Established an empire —> trading-post empire (not a traditional empire)

    • Made up of small posts around African post and Indian Ocean

    • Goal was to possess a complete monopoly of spice trade

• Spain

  • Monarchs (Ferdinand and Isabella) sponsored Christopher Columbus (1492)

    • Wanted him to sail west and seek a waterway to Asia

    • Landed in the islands of the Americas (Caribbean)

    • Effect of his exploration was that is drastically increased the interest in trans-Atlantic trade and exploration

Big Idea #3: Colombian Exchange was the transfer of the animals, plants, foods, and diseases from Europe to the Americas. One result: Europeans sought to colonize the Americas.

• Crops - (America to Europe) potatoes, maize (Europe to Americas) wheat and rice

• Enslaved Africans brought okra and rice from slave trade

  • Afro-Eurasians expanded their diets and got more healthier and lifespan increased

• Animals - (A to E) turkeys, (E to A) cattle, pig, horses**

• Diseases - (E to A) smallpox

• Cash crops grown to be sold in distant markets

  • Tobacco, indigo, cotton

• In Brazil, it was sugar cane

  • Tropical climate, vast land

  • Forced into coerced labor (native) but died from diseases; therefore, replace them with African slaves for labor (ex. Congo, Swahili Coast)

Big Idea #4: With transoceanic contact established, European states established empires fueled by mercantilist economic policy and coerced labor systems.

• Africans perceived Portuguese as intruders who were trying to establish trading posts

  • Ashanti grew from Portuguese (counterargument)

• Many tried to put more restrictive policies

  • Tokugawa Shogunate

    • Many took in and tried to destroy Buddhist temples

    • Japanese tried to stop Europeans

• British

  • Established trading posts in India (via the BEIC)

  • Hindus and Muslims were in tension

  • British had control over all of the India continent

• Spain

  • Came to Latin America

    • Aztec and Incan Empires

      • Collapsed quickly because of new diseases

    • Spain sign Treaty of Tordesillas with Portuguese to get West of Brazil

    • Spain’s goal was to plunder lands for gold and silver, but realized came in agriculture

      • Encomienda system - coerced labor system by Spanish made indigenous people to work at plantations (similar to manorial system, but harsher)

      • Hacienda system - land granted to important people (continuity)

    • Spanish had lots of silver (Potosi, Bolivia)

    • Took the mita system from Incans and transformed it into a system of coerced labor (young men had to work labor in silver mines)

• Economic system of mercantilism is increasing

  • Only so much wealth and someone will get more and someone will get less

  • Wanted a lot of gold and silver (determined wealth)

  • Established colonies so they would enrich the homeland

    • Drove Spanish efforts to mine silver

• Indian Ocean Trade established for a long time and absorbed the small changes

  • Portuguese came and disrupted the network

    • Used military superiority to dominate trade posts

    • Still had to tax and develop trade relations thought trade networks

• Enslaved African laborers -

  • Used indigenous people in forced labor systems, but the problems is the native died and ran away and knew the land better

    • Turned to Africa to replace natives for enslaved African labor

    • Middle Passage - many died on the ships from starvation and disease

  • Effect - century long population decline in some African states

    • Africans when they came over affected societies and enriched the language and culture

Big Idea #5: The development of maritime empires over time significantly changed the economies and societies in which they were established.

• Joint-Stock Companies (innovation)

  • Invested and had lots of people invest a lot of money in the company

  • Everyone had liabilities and not lose that much

  • Everyone gets benefits if it goes well

  • Dutch, English, and French develop

    • British East India Company

    • Dutch VOC (Dutch East India Company)

  • Allowed continue exploration with limited risks for it

• Economic Disputes

  • Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire

    • Moroccans defeated Portuguese but left them broke

    • Traveled to invade Songhai Empire, successful, but was difficult to maintain power of large lands

• Atlantic Trade System/Triangular Trade

  • Manufactured goods from Europe to West Africa for enslaved people transferred to Americas and traded for raw materials back to Europe

  • Linked the continents politically, socially, and economically

    • Religion spread to new territories

      • Syncretism

        • Blended natives religion with Christianity

      • Conflict

        • Sunni vs Shi’a intensified relationship

Big Idea #6: As states imposed their cultural, political, and economic will on various colonized and enslaved people, resistance occurred.

• Maratha rebelled because of invasion of beliefs and persecution

  • Brought Mughal Empire to an end

• Pueblo Revolt (Southwest US)

  • Spanish section of Americas

  • Pueblo and Apache Indians were tired being forced on conversion

    • Killed hundreds of Spanish and missionaries and burned churches

    • Successful initially, but Spanish put them down later

• Stono Rebellion

  • Rebellion of African slaves in the US

  • Killed white people

  • Were defeated but there was resistance

Big Idea #7: Social categories, roles, and practices were both maintained and underwent significant changes during this period.

• Maintained

  • Qing Dynasty (Manchus; not Chinese)

    • Maintained some Chinese institutions like civil service exam, imperial bureaucracy

    • But had some restrictions on the native Chinese

      • Government workers had to wear hair in Manchurian styles

        • If didn’t then were persecuted and executed

        • Hans hated it

• Changed

  • Spanish Colonialism

    • Casta System

      • Social hierarchy based on race and ancestry

        • Diversification of the population (Africans and Natives)

        • Peninsulares, Creoles, Castas (mix race), Mestizos (Euro and Native), Mulattos (Euro and African), Zambos (Native and African)

        • This systems was imposed to structure their society

Unit 5: Revolutions (1750-1900)

Big Idea #1: New ways of thinking embodied in the Enlightenment created the occasion for reform and revolution.

• Europeans movement that shifted from belief to imperial data and observation

  • Moved from feeling to thinking

  • Undermined divine revelation as truth were rejected

    • Not from a Bible (example), based off of thinking and experiencing

• Natural rights (John Locke)

  • People just by being humans have been endowed with rights

  • Life, liberty, and property

  • If humans have natural rights, that means rights aren’t given by government and can’t be removed

  • Social Contract - power to govern is in the name of the people and enter to a social contract with the government

    • Give up some rights so government can protect

    • If doesn’t do it, then overthrow

  • Movements such as abolition and women’s rights

    • Seneca Falls Convention

      • Mary Wollstonecraft

      • Women’s suffrage (right to vote)

      • Declaration of Sentiments

    • Abolitionists

      • Slave Trade was abolished

      • Serfdom was abolished

Big Idea #2: The ideas of the Enlightenment, combined with rising nationalism, led to various revolutions throughout the world.

• Nationalism —> colonialism increased the thought of nationalism

  • American Revolution (this sets off other revolutions)

    • Thomas Jefferson (Declaration of Independence)

    • Social Contract

    • Growing sense of nationalism due to the oppressive policies such as taxation without representation

    • Inspired Latin America, French, and Haitian based on Enlightenment principles

    • France - Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

    • Latin American - Simon Bolivar’s letter from Jamaica

Big Idea #3: The industrial revolution began in Britain and would eventually transform the world.

• Why Britain?

  • Great proximity to waterways

  • Had significant amount of resources from colonies and around the world

  • Urbanization

    • Crop relation, seed drill

    • People live longer and increase

    • Legal protection of private property

    • Patents

    • Accumulation of capital

• Rise of Factory Systems (also improvement of agricultural)

  • Had to be near water ways (water frame) to power machines

  • Later to steam engine

  • Huge explosion in production —> mass production

  • Emphasized textiles

  • Europe begins to be the powerhouse of the world

  • Unskilled workers can produce these instead of skilled labors

    • Division of labor

Big Idea #4: As western industrialization spread, Middle Eastern and Asian countries’ share in global manufacturing declined.

• Spread everywhere

  • Especially US because of immigrants to come to America

  • Many came to urban centers and had a lot of workers to industrialize

  • Russia - Trans-Siberian Railroad

  • Japan - industrialized defensively and understood about industrialize because of China loosing

    • To protect traditional customs and not western

    • Meiji Restoration & Iwakura Mission

  • India - textiles manufacturing

    • Flourished and British felt pressured and tried to tell company to tax which made it go down

Big Idea #5: The advent of new technology fundamentally changed the landscape of manufacturing.

• First - majored in textiles (1750-1830)

• Second - majored in steel (1830-1920)

  • First powered by steam engine, which required burning of coal and locomotives and trains

  • Second powered by internal combustion engine which ran on oil/petroleum

    • Increased energy level to humans

• Railroads -

  • In the US, made Transcontinental Railroad to unite the regional economies and truly national markets for goods

  • Russia did the same and effects are same

  • Also for consolidating colonial power in Africa (British)

  • Japan in Korea

• Telegraph - communication technology over long distances quicker

  • Morse Code

Big Idea #6: Significant economic shifts occurred during this period including the rise of free market capitalism, transnational businesses, and increased standards of living.

• Mercantilism —> Free Market

  • Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations

    • Laissez-faire - governments should be hands off (opposite of mercantilism)

    • Liberation of economy

    • Let consumers make their own choices by supply and demand

    • Would lead the individual and society to prosperity

      • Mercantilism said there was a fixed amount, Adam said that there is unlimited wealth in the world and you generate

• Transnational Organization

  • Unilever Corporation - British and Dutch

    • Household goods

    • Soap factores

    • In Australia, Switzerland, and the US

• Increased the standard of living for some people (historical trend)

  • Factories mass producing goods —> prices go down —> people can buy it and consume it

    • Mass production —> Mass consumption

  • Middle Class rises (bourgeoisie)

    • Leisure culture

Big Idea #7: As industrialization spread, it created the occasion for some states to enact reforms.

• Labor Unions

  • Factory work is not good

    • Dangerous conditions

    • Family separation

    • Long hours

    • Not paid much

  • Worked and got minimum wage laws, 5-day work week, child labor gone, shorten hours

• Marxism (Karl Marx)

  • Communist Manifesto

    • Proletariat and Bourgeoisie

    • Believed that the bourgeoisie was becoming too powerful and left to oppression on proletariat

    • Lead to communism which is defined by equality and without class

• Tanzimat

  • Made to industrialize in Ottoman and eliminate weak leadership and unify in Ottoman Empire

Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (1750-1900)

Big Idea #1: Rationales for Imperialism increase as a consequence of Industrialization because of the development of technology such as weapons like the machine gun and interchangeable parts.

• The United States, Western Europe, and Japan (Meiji Restoration) have industrialization.

  • These weapons are industrialized enough that they have machine guns, and use that to conquer places that don’t have machine guns.

• Real reason is for economics and markets for other places.

  • Social Darwinism - white people take over non-white people

  • Nationalism increases which leads to imperialism and colonization which also leads to decolonization and revolts

• Rationales for Imperialism

  • White Man’s Burden : US in the Philippines**

  • Monroe Doctrine in Latin America

  • Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 (Otto Von Bismarck)

    • Scramble for Africa to split up for each European country

    • Shows European dominance

    • King Leopoldo in Kongo - brutal slavery

  • White Man’s Burden : Africa

  • Christian Mission : David Livingstone

  • Christian Mission : Dr. Livin. I Presume

    • Social Darwinism

      • White people take over because they are the strongest

      • They are industrialized and want money

      • Scientific and economic excuses

  • Russian Expands vs Ottomans

    • Crimean War

    • British and France help Ottoman and realize how Russia wasn’t industrialized

  • Russian Expands : To the East

  • Nationalism : British Raj into India

  • Nationalism : Open Door Policy

Big Idea #2: Imperialism sparks the indigenous to resist and revolt imperialism and colonialism along with the rise of nationalism.

• Sepoy Mutiny/Rebellion

• Xhosa Cattle Killing

• Ghost Dance Movement

  • Trail of Tears

• Maori in New Zealand against the British

Big Idea #3: The global economy expands as imperialism spreads.

• Cotton, sugar, guano (bat/bird poop for fertilizer), rubber, wheat, metals, palm oil, meat, and diamonds were founded

Big Idea #4: Now countries begin imperialism for their economy and increase their profits and trade.

• The Banana Republics in Latin America which was ran by the United Fruit company

• Don’t conquer, but dominate their economy and buy a lot of their stuff and make them rely on the countries to buy their stuff

• Opium Wars

• Britain in Argentina to build ports and in India to build a dam to make more trade routes

Big Idea #5: New technology such as ships and the increasing amount of jobs increase migration, but also the negative effects of migration from the “pull” countries.

• Push Factors

  • Potato Famine in Ireland

    • Went to the US and were discriminated because they were Catholic

  • China to the US (Gold Rush)

    • Taiping Rebellion pushed people out for jobs

  • Technology helps people travel to the country

  • Poverty in India

• Pull Factors

  • US had the most migration there

  • Western Europe also got some people

  • Also Free Labor, Coerced Labor, Seasonal Labor, and Indentured Servitude

• Effects of Migration

  • Nobody wanted or liked immigrants because they believed they took jobs

    • Chinese Exclusion Act (West America)

    • Irish didn’t want them because they had no food and they were Catholic; tried to blend in

    • White Australia Policy - only white people and blame on non-white people and tried to limit migration to Australia

Unit 7: Global Conflict (1900-Present)

Big Idea #1: Internal and external factors contributed to significant change in various states across the world after 1900.

• Russian Revolution

  • Russia is behind in economic growth and not expanding civil liberties of its people (internal)

  • Loss of Crimean War, Russo-Japanese war (external)

  • Bolshevism seize power under Lenin

• Qing Empire

  • Ethnic tension (Manchus and Hans), famine, and low government revenue (internal)

  • Western industrialization coming to China because overthrown by Sun Yatsen (external)

• Mexican Revolution

  • Huge wealth gap between rich and poor (land-wise)

  • The elites with the US was detrimental to the poor

  • Francisco Maderno tried to fix the problems

Big Idea #2: World War I was caused by a combination of militarism, imperialism, alliances, and nationalism.

• Militarism -

  • States’ buildups of military

    • Guns, ammunition, gas

• Alliances (and assasination)

  • Defensive groupings: if one gets attack, the rest have to join

  • Assasination of Austrian Archduke Ferdinand by Black Hand

• Imperialism

  • Fierce competition to claim remaining colonial lands like Scramble for Africa

• Nationalism

  • Pride in one’s national identity (language, religious customs, social customs, or land)

Big Idea #3: Governments use a variety of strategies to fight in WWI including propaganda to mobilize their home fronts and new weapons technology in the battlefield.

• Total war - used all of their supplies to fight the war (domestic and military assets at home and at the battlefield)

  • Propaganda used to motivate the fight and sacrifice for total war

    • Misinformation to persuade people for a cause

  • Used new technology

    • Tear gas, chlorine gas, poison gas, machine guns, submarines, tanks, trench warfare (not a technology, but the other technology helped lasting stalemates)

    • Lots of casualties

Big Idea #4: Following WWI, governments began to take a more prominent role in their nations’ economies.

• US - The Great Depression

  • Soon spreads to other countries

  • Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to make government come in

    • Keynesian economics - governments must interfere to help the economy (not laissez-faire)

    • New Deal - massive government spending/involvement to rescue US from Depression

• Germany - Ruined after WWI (Treaty of Versailles)

  • Lots of debt and inflation

    • German marks become worthless because making money when they don’t have the money to make it worth something

  • Rise of Fascism (Nazi Party)

    • Strong government involvement in the economy

      • Adolf Hitler seizes reparation payments

      • Build up military

• Soviet Union - 5 Year Plans

  • Transform USSR to industrialize economy

    • Collectivize agriculture (failed)

    • Farmers rebelled by killing livestock and destroying crops

Big Idea #5: World War II was caused by the unsustainable peace agreement of WWI, economic crisis, an the rise of fascist regimes, most notably, Nazi Germany.

• War Guilt Clause - made Germany the blame for WWI

  • National shame for Germans

  • German reparations - Treaty mandated Germany to pay for the damage of the war (economic crisis + Great Depression influence + hyperinflation) —> rise of fascist regimes

  • Nazi Party - extreme form of nationalism

    • Hitler cancels reparation payments

    • Built up military and starts taking land (Lebensraum = living space)

    • Hitler claims Czechoslovakia and Sudentland

    • Germany invades Poland

Big Idea #6: WWII was another total war, and totalitarianism and democratice nations deployed all their nations’ resources to fight and win.

• Calling colonial men

  • Indian men for British in the war

• Used propaganda and total war similar to WWI

• US didn’t come in until Pearl Harbor

  • US had the strongest industrialized sector and was not in danger of destruction

  • US had a lot of ammunition and helped Great Britain

  • Men fought, women worked at factories

    • Everyone tried to play their part

• German mobilization

  • Opposite of US, used forced labor

    • Concentration camps —> production suffered greatly

  • Repression of civil liberties (also in WWI)

    • Freedom of Speech gone

    • In US, Japanese internment (because of the bombing of Pearl Harbor)

      • Federal government rounded them up and put them in internment camps

• New military and technology tactics

  • Firebombing of Tokyo

    • Lots of civilians died

  • Atomic Bomb

    • Manhattan Project

    • Nagasaki and Hiroshima —> forced Japanese to surrender

Big Idea #7: The rise of extremist groups led to attempted destruction of certain populations through genocide or ethnic violences.

• Genocide -

  • Holocaust

    • Rid of German population of the Jews into concentration camps

• Ethnic Violence

  • Ukraine Famine

    • Productive for the Soviet Union

    • Farmers resented Stalin because took their food and gave to urban populations

      • Created massive famine

    • 7-10 million died

Unit 8: The Cold War

Big Idea #1: The Cold War was a new type of imperialism, focusing on economic control (capitalism vs communism) and global influence.

• US and Soviet Union become the two superpowers

  • US because of industrialization and being untouched

  • Russia because of population and totalitarianism

• Fascism becomes not good anymore

• Imperialism is more economic and having more friends on your side

  • Soviet wants to spread communism (totalitarianism state socialism like China, Cuba, and Russia)

  • US wants to stop the spread of communism (containment; Truman Doctrine, even if the leaders are evil)

  • They don’t want to fight directly —> through proxy wars and containment

    • Vietnam War, Korean War

  • Non-Aligned Movement - Sukarno and Ghana

Big Idea #2: Decolonization in Africa and Asia occurred in the shadow of the Cold War, forcing new states to navigate the US-USSR divide as they establish new governments.

• Congo -

  • Congo letter to Portugal

    • Torn apart from slave trade

    • Belgium Congo (King Leopold II) was terrible

  • Congo gained independence

  • Later turned into a dictatorship

  • Congo rich in uranium (atomic bombs)

Big Idea #3: Colonial people achieved independence through negotiations and armed struggle while also encountering ethnic and religious conflict.

• Ghana

  • Pan-Africanism

  • Leader for many black Africans

  • Negotiated with British

  • Become first country in Africa to gain independence

• Ghandi (India)

  • Homespun Movement

    • Make their own cotton

  • Salt March

  • Negotiate independence in India, but make an agreement to create own Pakistan and India

• Québécois

  • French Canadian or Canadian

Big Idea #4: New government attempted to consolidate control by guiding economic life and attempting to avoid outside influence.

• Nasir (Egypt)

  • Nationalized Suez Canal

    • Under Muhammad Ali supported by British and French

    • Arab Nationlist Movement

      • Lead together to fight Israel (after WWI; Zionism)

    • US and USSR step in to tell British and France to stop interfering (irony)

• Cambodia (after Vietnam War)

  • Communist - Khmer Rouge

    • Maoist Dictatorship

    • Year 0 - wiping out history and starting fresh; genocide and oppression

• Cuba (Castro) - trying to get rid of American influence in Cuba (American imperialism)

• Rise of Islamic fundamentalism - decolonization

Unit 9: Globalization (1900-Present)

Big Idea #1: Development of new technologies advanced at the greatest rate in human history.

• phones, computers, radios, TVs, commercial airlines, telephones, shipping containers

  • Arab Spring - government limited social media

• petroleum (cars), nuclear energy

• Vaccines (Polio), birth control, antibiotics

• Green Revolution -

  • Genetic modify organisms, cross-breeding

  • Commercial farming

  • Pesticides

  • Irrigation

  • Artificial fertilizer

Big Idea #2: Environmental factors directly affected the human population after 1900.

• Forests shrinking, global temperature rising, deserts growing

  • Desertification, fresh water going down, pollution, desertification

Big Idea #3: Globalization laid the groundwork for Earth’s 1st truly global economy.

• Go free market again —> economic liberalization (laissez-faire)

  • Government steps out and let people do their own stuff

• Knowledge economy —> Google, Amazon

  • Manufacturing goes down (in other countries), while knowledge goes up

• Manufacturing economy —> Vietnam, Cambodia, Bangladesh

  • Mexico and China are the largest

• Transnational cooperation —> Multinational company

  • HSBC

  • Apple, Samsung

  • Nestle

  • Nissan, Mahindra & Mahindra (India)

• Multinational Trade Agreements

  • NAFTA

Big Idea #4: There were sweeping social changes worldwide after 1900.

• United Nations

  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights

  • Feminism movements (1st, 2nd)

  • Civil Rights

  • End of Apartheid (Mandela)

  • Green Peace

  • Green Belt Movement (Kenya)

Big Idea #5: Globalization led to an ever changing global culture.

• Reggae

  • Bob Marley

• K-Pop

• Bollywood (India) & Hollywood

• Social Media

  • Facebook, IG, Wiebo (China)

• British Broadcasting Company

• World Cup, Olympics

• Global consumerism

  • Coca-Cola, Ali Baba (Chinese), Nike, Adidas

• Global Institutions

  • United Nations

    • End of WWII, Cold War

    • Maintain peace in the world

• Resistance to Globalization

  • IMF (international monetary fund)