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AMSCO chapters 7-11

Strict vs. loose interpretation of the Constitution

While Federalists felt that the constitution should be a flexible document and subject to amendment over time, Republicans sought a strict interpretation as they believed a loose interpretation might lead to an abuse of federal power.

Louisiana Purchase

Purchased from a broke France in 1803 during the Jefferson Administration doubling the size of the U.S. and led a wave of territorial expansion.

Lewis and Clark

Explorers who mapped out the Northwest Territory of the Louisiana Purchase. They apparently could see really well and made a super accurate map.

John Marshall/Marshall Court

Chief Justice of the Supreme court for 34 years. The Marshall court was powerful and its decisions strengthened the central government, often at the expense of state's rights.

Hartford Convention

New England states/radical Federalists threatened secession. They didn't. However, they adopted a proposal requiring a 2/3rd majority of both houses for any future war declaration.

Marbury v Madison (Importance of)/judicial review

The important court case established the concept of judicial review, that the Supreme Court could rule Federal laws unconstitutional.

Aaron Burr

Vice President during Jefferson's first term. Felt betrayed, as he perceived Hamilton as one who consistently blocked his political aspirations. Killed Hamilton during a duel, costing him his political career.

Barbary Pirates

Piracy practiced by Barbary States (primarily Algeria) on the North African coast. They frequently captured US ships and charged ransom. The U.S. flexed its muscle which led to the protection of U.S. interests in the region.

Impressment

The process of taking sailors off American ships by the British and claiming that they were Englishmen who had deserted the Royal Navy. According to Crash Course (If you watched it), some were actually British. Oh yeah, the French did this too.

Embargo Act

1807 Act under Jefferson that prohibited American merchant ships from sailing into any foreign port.

Macon's Bill #2

Due to hardships from Embargo Act, this bill restored U.S. trade with Britain and France.

Tecumseh/Battle of Tippecanoe

Shawnee Native American warrior who sought a Native American confederacy. The US destroyed Shawnee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh's alliance.

Treaty of Ghent

Effectively ended the War of 1812.

Era of Good Feelings

The early portion of James Monroe's Presidency when the Democratic Republican party was unchallenged by a major political rival. It wasn't always as happy as the name implies.

Clay's American System

Kentucky representative's plan calling for protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

Panic of 1819

Economic disaster largely the fault of the Second Bank of the US, which had tightened credit to control inflation.

McCulloch v Maryland

Supreme Court loose interpretation ruling that a state could not tax a federal institution.

Fletcher v. Peck

Ruled that a state cannot pass legislation invalidating a contract. The first time the Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional.

Gibbons Vs. Ogden

Stating that a New York steamboat monopoly was unconstitutional, this ruling broadened federal control of interstate commerce.

Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820

This prohibited slavery north of the southern boarder of Missouri, added Maine as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state.

Tallmadge Amendment

This was a proposal to admit Missouri as a slave state with gradual emancipation. It passed in the House, but not in the Senate, and made slavery an issue. The South thought the North was going to try to eliminate slavery everywhere.

Specie

This is hard money, gold and silver. Lack of it was the cause of the Panic of 1819.

Treaty of 1818

Between U.S./Britain, allowed for shared fishing rights, joint occupation of the Oregon Territory, and established a Canadian/U.S. boundary line.

Adams Onis Treaty

A treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain.

Monroe Doctrine

This told European powers to stay out of our hemisphere and asserted American independence in foreign affairs. It didn't really do much at the time, but it set an important precedent for later.

Cumberland Road

A paved highway to the west extending more than 1,000 miles.

Erie Canal

This was primarily constructed in New York in mid 1820's and connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic. It led to an expansion of markets. It was an internal improvement that led to great change in Western New York.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the Cotton Gin

Samuel Slater

Father of the factory system. He came from Britain and "borrowed" their ideas to create advanced machinery for spinning cotton.

Lowell System

In this factory system, women worked in decent conditions, lived in dorms, were fed, had curfews and went to church

Great Triumvirate

Clay, Calhoun and Webster were dominant players in American politics from the War of 1812 to the Compromise of 1850, representing the three different regions. They were known collectively as this term.

Commonwealth v Hunt

1842 Supreme Court decision allowing "peaceful unions" to negotiate labor contracts with employers.

Nativism

The feeling or movement that was hostile towards foreign-born immigrants that took the form of racism (not the party formed)

Nativists/Know

Nothing Party-The Political Party that was hostile towards foreign-born immigrants that took the form of racism.

Code of Chivalry

Southern code of conduct modeled on the feudal system that defended personal honor, womanhood, and paternalism toward inferiors (i.e. slaves)

Subsidies

a sum of money granted by the government to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive.

King Cotton

This referred to the economy of the South that centered around this particular crop as "royalty"

Cotton gin

Short for cotton engine; removed the fibrous cotton from its husk.

Peculiar Institution

Term the South called slavery in order to justify its existence. It meant it was "special", although today the term has a negative connotation.

Planter aristocracy

Part of the South's small elite; dominated the state legislators in the south favoring plantation landholders

Self made man

A young white male of humble origins could rise as far as his natural talent would take him.

Political machine

a political group in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts.

Party Nominating Conventions

Replaced caucuses, providing both party politicians and common voting citizens the opportunity to participate in the political process.

Indian Removal Act 1830

The Act (not the trail) that moved the Five Civilized Tribes to the Trans-Mississippi west.

Cherokee Nation v Georgia

This is a court case determined that the Native Americans in Georgia were NOT a foreign nation

Whigs

This was the political party formed in response to the Jackson democrats. The issue that triggered its formation was Jackson's veto of the Second Bank of the U.S. Its leaders were Clay and Webster.

Specie Circular

The policy that public land had to be paid for with hard money backed by gold.

Self made man

A young white male of humble origins could rise as far as his natural talent would take him.

Franchise/Suffrage

These are other terms for the right to vote.

Common man

The emerging middle/working class during the Jackson presidency

"King Caucus"

A "closed door" method of nominating candidates for political office by political party leaders

Spoils system

Started under Jackson's administrations, it was the policy of rewarding party loyalist with jobs. It expanded the bureaucracy to the "common people" but led to an increase in corruption and incompetence.

Rotation of office

Jackson philosophy; Limited a person to one term in office in order to appoint another deserving Democrat in their place.

"Corrupt bargain"

Jackson lacked a majority in the Electoral College. Jackson supports accused Clay and Adams of political maneuvering behind the scenes to guarantee JQ Adams's presidency.

Tariff of abominations/tariff of 1828

This led to the Nullification Crisis. The South hated it because it would cost them money.

Peggy Eaton affair

This little scandal occurred because the cabinet wives would not invite someone to their parties. Wives sentiments always take precedence over President's wishes.

"Kitchen cabinet"

An informal group of advisors to Jackson. People were afraid of their influence over him, but in the end, it was relatively insignificant.

Worcester v Georgia

This is a court case which supported the Cherokees in Georgia, but Jackson moved them anyway.

Trail of Tears

This is the term for the removal of Native Americans from the Southeastern United States to Oklahoma

Nullification Crisis

The idea that states could deem void a federal law that the states thought was unconstitutional and was articulated by John C. Calhoun in THE SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION AND PROTEST.

Force Bill

This was passed by Jackson in response to the Nullification Crisis. Of course, South Carolina nullified it, but it showed Jackson to be a strong executive.

Pet Banks

This is where Jackson put all the federal funds when he was "killing the B.U.S."

Panic of 1837

Banknotes lost their value and land sales collapsed; led to a Depression arguably resulting from Jackson economic policy.

"Log Cabin and Hard Cider" campaigning

The Whigs' unique method of campaigning for William H. Harrison to demonstrate his humble origins.

Alexis de Tocqueville/Democracy in America

French sociologist and political theorist traveled to the United States in 1831 to study its prisons and returned with a wealth of observations that he wrote in "Democracy in America" (1835), one of the most influential books of the 19th century.

John C. Calhoun

From South Carolina, he instigated the nullification crisis and lost his political aspirations because of his wife.

David Walker

Perhaps the first major abolitionist in Boston, he wrote AN APPEAL TO THE COLORED CITIZENS OF THE WORLD to urge black unity to fight slavery and racism.

Harriet Tubman

She was the "leader" of the Underground Railroad

American Republican Party

A minor nativist political organization that was launched in New York in June 1843, largely as a protest against immigrant voters and officeholders.

Horace Mann

This former lawyer was the first champion of universal education in the United States.

Transcendentalism/transcendentalists

Argued for a mystical/intuitive way of thinking as a way to discover one's inner self. Their views challenged materialism.

Commune

A community that has withdrawn from conventional society to create an ideal utopia.

Henry David Thoreau

This individualist refused to pay his tax because of his opposition to the Mexican War and was arrested for his CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE. He is one of the most well known transcendentalists.

Walt Whitman

His poetry in LEAVES OF GRASS is a celebration of American democracy. He was also an abolitionist and an advocate of temperance.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

This Bostonian became the foremost philosopher and advocate of transcendentalism, the ability to think on a higher level than that of reason and logic. He was an essayist, poet, and lecturer. His work is crucial to the understanding of Romanticism in the United States. Transcendentalism was a reaction to the rationalism of the Enlightenment. His most famous work was Self-Reliance

Utopia(n)

An ideal place or state of things in which everything is perfect.

Brook Farm

This short-lived utopian community was supported by many well-known New England literary figures.

Shakers

One of the earliest religious communal movements who kept men and women separate and forbade sexual relations.

Oneida

Founded by John H. Noyes, a community who shared property and marriage partners. Dedicated to perfect economic and social equality. Now, all that's left is the silverware.

Polygamy

The practice of marrying multiple partners. Practiced primarily by the Mormons until outlawed.

Abolitionist/ism

This was a belief that slavery was evil. It gradually became a powerful movement against slavery during the antebellum years of America. Proponents fought to get rid of slavery.

Nat Turner/Turner's Rebellion

Person who instigated the most famous slave revolt in 1831, killing 60 whites, including women and children.

William Lloyd Garrison

This Bostonian was editor of THE LIBERATOR and was for many years the most famous and controversial abolitionist in the United States.

The Liberator

An American abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Isaac Knapp.

American Colonization Society

The organization proposed emancipating the slaves and sending them back to Africa. It didn't work so well, especially since most o the slaves were actually born here and the owners didn't really want to free their slaves.

American Anti-slavery Society

Founded by William L. Garrison. He argued for "no Union for slaveholders" until they repented for their sins.

Gag rule

A regulation or directive that prohibits public discussion of a particular matter

Liberty Party

Abolitionist party formed by northerners in 1840; believed that political action was more practical than Garrison's moral crusade.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of "Uncle Tom's Cabin"

Declaration of Sentiments

A document modeled after the Declaration of Independence; issued at Seneca Falls declaring that all men AND WOMEN are created equal and listed grievances against forms of gender discrimination.

Seneca Falls

This was the location of the first women's rights convention

Antebellum

"Era" before the Civil War

Separate sphere/aka the Cult of Domesticity

This doctrine became the ideal of urban middle class women beginning in the 1830s. The idea was to appreciate and value women for their separate sphere of influence in the home.

Hudson River School

Influenced by romanticism, these artists depicted landscapes where there was peaceful coexistence between man and nature.

Temperance

Prior to the abolition campaign, this anti-alcohol movement was the most popular of the reform movements. It makes sense, given the 8 gallons of hard liquor consumed per person per year.