lect 4

POEL

Mood

A pervasive and sustained emotion that colors an individual’s experience of the world; often described as "climate",.

Affect

The moment-to-moment experience of emotional states and the observable expression of emotion; often described as "weather",.

Euthymia

The technical term for a "normal" range of mood that sits between dysthymia (low) and hypomania (high),.

Dysthymia

A term referring to a low mood state, formerly used as the name for Persistent Depressive Disorder,,.

Anhedonia

A core symptom of depression characterized by a loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities,.

Concept Creep

A sociological trend where psychological terms (like "depressed" or "OCD") expand into everyday language, potentially blurring the lines between normal emotions and clinical disorders.

Major Depressive Episode (MDE) Criteria

Presence of 5 or more specific symptoms (must include depressed mood or anhedonia) for a period of at least 2 weeks,.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Requirement

At least one major depressive episode with no history of manic or hypomanic episodes,.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) Criteria

Depressed mood occurring more days than not for at least 2 years, accompanied by at least two other depressive symptoms,.

MDD 12-Month Prevalence (Australia)

Approximately 4.9% of Australians aged 16–85,.

MDD Gender Risk

Lifetime risk is significantly greater for females than males,.

The "Big 3" Neurotransmitters

The primary chemical systems implicated in depression are Serotonin, Dopamine, and Noradrenaline,.

Manic Episode Duration

A distinct period of elevated mood and increased energy lasting at least 1 week, or any duration if hospitalization is required,.

Hypomanic Episode Duration

A period of elevated mood and increased activity lasting at least 4 consecutive days,.

Bipolar I Disorder

Characterized by at least one full manic episode, usually accompanied by major depressive episodes,.

Bipolar II Disorder

Characterized by one or more major depressive episodes accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode, but never a full manic episode,.

Cyclothymic Disorder

A chronic state lasting at least 2 years with numerous periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet full thresholds for episodes,.

Bipolar and Psychosis

Research shows that 89% of individuals with Bipolar Disorder have experienced psychotic symptoms, such as delusions (85.7%) or hallucinations (20.5%),.

Heritability of Unipolar Depression

Estimated to be between 40% and 70%,.

The ABC Model (CBT)

A framework where A represents the Activating Event, B is the Belief about that event, and C is the Consequence (feelings and behaviors),.

Behavioral Activation Therapy

A treatment focus for MDD aimed at increasing positive activities that provide pleasure or mastery to break the "vicious cycle" of withdrawal,.

CBT Phase 1 for Depression

Focuses on psychoeducation and behavioral techniques (like activity scheduling) because they are more structured and easier to achieve early success,.

CBT Phase 2 for Depression

Shifts focus to cognitive techniques, identifying and challenging negative automatic thoughts,.

First-line Medication for MDD

SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) are the most common initial pharmacological treatment,.

Bipolar Disorder Treatment Priority

Usually requires mood stabilizers or antipsychotics due to the strong biological basis of the disorder,.

MDD and Suicide

As many as 60% of people who die by suicide have Major Depressive Disorder,.

Suicide Risk Factors

Includes family history, early life adversity, impulsivity, substance misuse, and a sense of hopelessness/helplessness,.

High-Risk Populations

LGBTQIA+ individuals and First Nations peoples are at a significantly higher risk for suicidal ideation and suicide due to factors like marginalization and intergenerational trauma,.