Anatomy and Phisiology Chapter 4

nails

scale-like modifications of the epidermis

heavily keratinized

stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed

responsible for growth

burns

tissue damage caused by several factors

dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, circulatory shock, infection

associated dangers with burns

sterile for 24 hours

immune system is depressed for 1-2 days

after a burn

first degree burn

partial thickness

only damage in epidermis

red and swollen skin

heals in 2-3 days

second degree burn

partial thickness

damage in dermis and epidermis

red skin w blisters

tissue regeneration

third degree burn

full thickness burn

destroys entire skin layer

burn is gray-white or blackened

not painful because nerve cells are destroyed 

skin grating must be done

Rules of 9

ways to determine the extent of burns and fluid loss

11;9

body is divided into __ areas for quick estimation
each area is about _%

25, 2, 10, 3, face, hands, feet

a person is considered in critical condition when

__ % of the body is __ degree burn

__ % of the body has __ degree burns

there are third degree burns on the ___, ____, or ____

Benign

does not spread

Malignant

metastasizes to other parts of the body

skin cancer

What type of cancer is most common?

Basal Cell Carcinoma

least malignant, most common

arises from cell carcinoma

can invade dermis and subcutaneous tissue

shiny dome-shape nodules

99% curable

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

arises from stratum spinosum

scaly red papule turning into a shallow ulcer

usually located scalp, ears, hands, and lower lip

metastasizes to lymph nodes

malignant melanoma

5% of all skin cancer

can occur spontaneously or from pigment moles

arises from DNA damage

spreads from brown to black

metastasizes rapidly

50% survival

asymmetry

border irregularity

color

diameter

ABCD Rule

epithelial cutaneous

the outer epithelial layer of the skin, includes structures like hair follicles and sebaceous glands

plays vital role in maintaining homeostasis

serous cells

Secrete a watery, protein-rich fluid 

Found in glands such as the parotid salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and sweat glands 

Their primary function is to produce enzymes and other substances that aid in digestion, lubrication, and protection

mucous cell

Secrete a thick, sticky substance called mucus 

Found in glands such as the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands, goblet cells in the respiratory and digestive tracts, and mucous membranes 

Their primary function is to lubricate and protect surfaces, trap particles, and prevent dehydration 

connective tissue

the most abundant and diverse animal tissue, providing structure, support, and protection throughout the body

superficial epidermis

composed of the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, and stratum granulosum

underlying dermis

the inner layer of the two main layers

has connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures

made up of a thin upper layer called the papillary dermis, and a thick lower layer called the reticular dermis.

synovial membrane

protect joints

skin derivatives

part of integumentary system

consists of sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails

originates in the dermis

desiccation

to dry out

epidermis

outer layer

stratified squamous epithelium

often keratinzied

dermis

dense connective tissue

layers of epidermis

stratum basale

cells undergo mitosis

stratum lucidum

cells start to die in thick skin

papillary layer

upper dermal region

contains finger like projections called dermal papillae

in palm/soles

friction and gripping

where pain receptors and touch receptors are located

capillary loops

dermal papillae

sharp projections that enhance their edges in the epidermis

permanent imprints that appear on the surface of the skin of the hands and feet

Reticular layer

where appendages are located

blood vessels

nerve receptors

Cleavage Lines

elastin and collagen fibers oriented in some directions more than others

if incision parallel to lines, less gapping, faster healing, and less scar tissue

Decubitus Ulcers

bedsores

occur when not moving for long period of time

cells die and skin cracks

cyanosis

blue color from lack of O2 and blood supply

sebaceous glands

in appendages of the skin

produce oil (sebum)

lubricant for skin

kills bacteria

ducts empty into hair follicles

activated at puberty

eccrine sweat glands

water, urea, ammonia, and latic acid

open via duct to pores on skin structure

regulates temperature

apocrine sweat glands

in axillary and genital areas

ducts empty into hair follicles

fatty acids and proteins

yellowish color

arrector pili

smooth muscle

contracts in certain weather conditions and strong emotions

dermis

nails originate from

impetigo

a common, highly contagious skin infection caused by bacteria