The Korean war and Anti-Communism, Cuban Missile Crisis(EXAM 3)

•Gen. Douglas MacArthur

•Leads Japan for four years, 1945-49

War crimes trials &

•"demilitarization"

•New constitution for Japan

•Democracy

•Rights for women

•Emperor retains in ceremonial role

•Economic rebuilding

•$2 billion in aid; break up big companies; land reform

Success:

Japan becomes democratic, non-Communist ally

Early Korean War (1950)

•Cold War tension over divided Korea

•Soviet Union enters Pacific War at last moment (1945)

•Occupies northern half of Korea

•U.S. occupies southern half (less developed)

•Soviets and Americans withdraw from Korea in 1949

•North Korea is stronger, invades South Korea in 1950

•Truman immediately sends U.S. military aid

•Test of "containment"

•Key battles: Pusan pocket, Inchon landing

•Pursuit of North Koreans to Chinese border

Later Korean War (1950-53)

•China issues warning: U.S. forces should not approach its border

•Truman ignores China

•Pursues complete defeat of North Korea

•Chinese push Americans back to center of Korean peninsula

•Truman wants limited war

•Gen. MacArthur wants to attack China

•Goes public with his complaints

•Truman negotiates ceasefire (1953)

•Devastating bombing of North Korea

•"forgotten war" in U.S.(KOREAN War)

Anti Communism at home

•Korea encourages fear of global communism

•Republicans and Democrats compete to be most anti-Communist

•"McCarthyism": hardline anti-Communism

•House Un-American Activities Committee (1938)

•Higher profile after WWII

•"Hollywood 10"

"Blacklist"

•After 1949 atomic test, Americans assume Soviet spying

•Spies: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

•Joseph McCarthy (Wisconsin senator)

•Claims to have list of 205 Communist sympathizers in State Department (1950)

•Expands investigation to U.S. government as a whole

•McCarthy tolerated as long as his anti-Communism helps Republicans

Dwight Eisenhower (Republican)

•elected 1952

•Army-McCarthy hearings (1954)

•Army attorney Joseph Welch challenges McCarthy

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Nuclear arms race

•U.S. hydrogen bomb: 1952

•Soviet hydrogen bomb: 1953

•Race to develop rockets

•Arms race: U.S. military budget rises to over half of government spending by 1960

•Eisenhower: "military industrial complex"

Sputnik and Sputnik II (1957):

•first satellites to orbit earth

•Technology similar to nuclear missile

Lead-up to missile crisis

•John F. Kennedy elected 1960

•Fidel Castro takes power in Cuba (1959)

•Removes pro-U.S. dictator

•Seizes land and businesses

•"Bay of Pigs" invasion (1961)

•Organized by CIA, approved by Kennedy

•Plan: 1,400 Cuban exiles (a) bomb (b) invade (c) inspire anti-Castro uprising

Castro accepts Soviet nuclear missile bases,

Summer, 1962

Cuban missile crisis: 13 days

•Oct. 14: U.S. spy planes photograph sites

•Oct. 22: Kennedy blockades Cuba

•Oct. 24: Nikita Khrushchev calls blockade an "act of aggression"

•Secret negotiations

•Oct. 27: agreement

•Russians remove missiles in Cuba

•U.S. removes missiles from Turkey (and promises not to invade Cuba)

•Direct Washington-to-Moscow "hotline"

•Attempts to control nuclear arms race

•"Mutually assured destruction"

•Nuclear proliferation:

•4 nuclear powers in 1962

•9 at present

•Close calls:

•1995: Norwegian scientific satellite

•1962: Bear sets off alarm

•1983: Soviet satellite warning system reports 5 incoming missiles from U.S.

•Stanislav Petrov decides not to report nuclear strike