3. LO3: Relationship between nutrition and development

What structures require vitamins and minerals?

Calcified Structures

What are the three categories of Macronutrients?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

What are the two categories of Micronutrients?

Vitamins, minerals

What is the key principle stating how nutrients work?

Nutrients need to work in partnership with each other

What general characteristic is shared by vitamins regarding quantity?

Required in tiny amounts

Do vitamins provide energy?

No, they do not provide energy

Where must vitamins come from?

Must come from an outside source

How are vitamins classified based on solubility?

Are either fat or water soluble

List five factors that affect an individual’s requirement for vitamin intake.

Age, Sex, Smoking, Alcohol, Caffeine, Drugs, Stress

What is Primary Deficiency?

Inadequate intake of the nutrient

What is Secondary Deficiency?

Inadequate absorption of the nutrient

How many fat-soluble vitamins are there, and what are they?

4 fat soluble vitamins – A, D, E, K

How long can fat-soluble vitamins be stored in the body?

For long periods

What is the property of fat-soluble vitamins related to heat?

Fairly stable to heat (cooking)

Are fat-soluble vitamins organic or inorganic substances?

Organic substances (carbon)

Do fat-soluble vitamins contain nitrogen?

No, they do not contain nitrogen

Where are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed, and what do they require for absorption?

Absorbed in the intestine with fats in foods, and require bile for absorption

List the water-soluble vitamins.

Vitamins C & B-complex

How do water-soluble vitamins react to water?

They are soluble/dissolve in water

How does cooking affect water-soluble vitamins?

They are lost to heat (cooking)

Do water-soluble vitamins get stored in the body?

No, water soluble vitamins don't get stored in the body

What vital role do water-soluble vitamins play?

Play a vital role as coenzymes (necessary for cellular reaction in the body)

Where are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

In the small intestine like FSV

What is Vitamin A also known as?

Retinol

What are two animal/plant sources of Vitamin A?

Fortified milk, fish oils, orange fruits & vegetables (cantaloupe, peaches, carrots, sweet potatoes), dark green leafy vegetables

Where is 90% of Vitamin A stored?

The liver

List three systemic functions of Vitamin A.

Necessary for eyesight, bone growth, and tooth development

What specific cell types involved in tooth development require Vitamin A?

Ameloblast (enamel) and odontoblasts (dentin)

What bone function does Vitamin A promote in the alveolar bone?

Promotes osteoblast (bone) function in alveolar bone

What is the term for excess Vitamin A, and what are its visible symptoms?

Hypercarotenemia (yellowing of palms & soles of feet)

List three symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency.

Night blindness, poor healing, faulty tooth development, slower bone growth

What is the critical role of Vitamin D?

Critical in mineralization of bones and the body’s use of calcium & phosphorous

How does Vitamin D affect calcium absorption?

Increases amount of calcium absorbed from the small intestine

What is the primary source of Vitamin D?

Sunlight

What is the adult consequence of Vitamin D deficiency (softening of bones)?

Osteomalacia

What is the consequence of Vitamin D deficiency in children aged 1-3 years?

Rickets (soft and twisted bones)

What condition related to reduced bone density is linked to low calcium and Vitamin D?

Osteoporosis (fragile bones)

What dental issues can occur in children if mothers are low in Vitamin D during pregnancy?

Enamel Hypoplasia & Decay

How does Vitamin D deficiency affect periodontitis?

Periodontitis (poor wound healing, more inflammation)

What is Vitamin E described as?

The most important fat-soluble antioxidant

What three other vitamins does Vitamin E prevent the oxidization of?

Vitamins A, C, K

How does Vitamin E affect the periodontium?

Improves immune response and helps periodontium be more resistant to inflammation

List three dietary sources of Vitamin E.Vegetable oils: sunflower, canola, corn, soybean, and olive oil; Nuts, seeds & wheat germ

What German word is the 'K' in Vitamin K derived from, and what does it mean?"Koagulation” (clotting of the blood)

How is Vitamin K naturally produced?

By the bacteria in the intestines

What are the two essential roles of Vitamin K?

Normal blood clotting & helps promote bone health

What is the consequence of Vitamin K deficiency?

Rare but may cause a delay in blood clotting times

What is Vitamin C also known as?

Ascorbic Acid

What key structural protein is Vitamin C important in the production of?

Collagen (the primary structural protein in connective tissue, cartilage, and bone)

List three processes that Vitamin C is crucial for.

Wound healing, development of red blood cells, formation of fibroblasts, osteoblasts and odontoblasts

List three substances that negatively affect Vitamin C levels.

Tobacco, alcohol, oral contraceptives

What disease is caused by Vitamin C deficiency, and how quickly can it occur?

Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency gingivitis), which can occur in 20 days without adequate vitamin C

List three symptoms of Scurvy.

Spots on the skin, spongy gums, bleeding from mucous membranes, fatigue, depression, poor bone growth

How does Scurvy affect the periodontium?

Can affect periodontium resulting in tooth mobility

What specific dental structures depend on collagen deposition?

Dentin, cementum and bone

How is collagen characterized regarding its structure and strength?

Tough bundles of fibre with great tensile strength

What is Mineralization?

The deposition of inorganic elements (minerals) on an organic matrix (proteins)

What strength do minerals provide over the tensile strength of collagen?

Compression strength

How are minerals classified based on the required daily amount?

Major/Macro Minerals (>100mg per day) and Trace Elements/Micro Minerals (<100mg per day)

List five Major/Macro Minerals.

Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, sulfur

List four Trace Elements/Micro Minerals.

iron, copper, zinc, manganese, iodine, fluoride

What is the most abundant mineral in the human body?

Calcium

What percentage of total body calcium is stored in the bones and teeth?

More than 99%

What is the recommended daily calcium intake for adults?

1,000 mg/day (more if over 50, and in growing kids)

What is the ideal calcium-to-phosphorus ratio for proper bone mineralization in adults?

1:1

What happens to calcium levels when phosphorus levels increase?

Calcium levels go down – contributing to potential loss of bone mass

What is Hypercalcemia?

Excess levels of calcium in blood seen most frequently in infants 5-8mos (inappropriate use of supplements)

Define Osteoporosis.

The degeneration of already constructed bone (brittle bones) seen in adults/seniors

Define Osteomalacia (rickets in children).

An abnormality in the building process of bone (defective bone mineralization), making them soft

List three oral consequences of calcium deficiencies during tooth formation.

Incomplete calcification of teeth, failure of dentin formation, delayed dentition; small molars

List two oral consequences of calcium deficiencies after tooth eruption.

Weakened alveolar bone, breakdown of healthy periodontal tissue, increased risk of decay

What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?

Phosphorous

What percentage of a person's total body weight is Phosphorus?

1%

What percentage of Phosphorus is found in the bones & teeth?

85%

List two necessary functions of Phosphorus.

Metabolize macronutrients; Compose phospholipids

What is the adult daily requirement for Phosphorus?

700mg/ day

What happens during tooth formation if a phosphorus deficiency occurs?

Incomplete calcification of teeth; failure of dentin formation; increased susceptibility to caries

How much of the total body magnesium is found in bone?

2/3

Why is Magnesium important to heart muscles?

It is vitally important to the structural integrity of heart muscles as well as all muscles and nerves (natural muscle relaxant)

List three sources of Magnesium.

Whole grains, nuts/seeds, beans, leafy greens

List three ways magnesium deficiencies may affect teeth and periodontium.

Hypoplasia of enamel and dentin; widening of periodontal ligament space; gingival hyperplasia; alveolar bone formation may be reduced

Is Fluoride technically an essential nutrient for "health"?

Not technically an essential nutrient for “health”

What are the benefits of Fluoride for bone and teeth?

Desirable because of benefits to bone and teeth

How does Fluoride affect enamel exposed to acids?

Remineralizes enamel exposed to acids in the diet

What is the consequence of Fluoride excess during enamel formation?

Fluorosis/mottling of enamel during formation (hypomineralization)

What is the consequence of Fluoride deficiency?

Increased risk of dental caries

List two topical sources of Fluoride.

Gels, foams, varnishes, toothpastes, prophy paste, and mouth rinse

What is Dental Caries defined as?

An oral infectious disease that is multifactorial, transmissible, and of bacterial origin

Why is adequate nutrient intake essential regarding tooth structure?

For growth and development of enamel & dentin prior to tooth eruption

List three Host Factors involved in the Caries Process.

Food selection, dietary patterns, oral hygiene habits, genetics, race, ethnicity, age, income

What happens when the pH drops below 5.5?

Demineralization occurs

What are Cariogenic foods/beverages?Fermentable carbohydrates (monosaccharides/simple sugars) that are metabolized by oral bacteria and reduce salivary pH below 5.5

Which two bacteria primarily initiate dental caries?S. Mutans, Lactobacillus

Why is milk considered anticariogenic despite containing sugar (lactose)?

The phosphorus, calcium, proteins, and fats in dairy are anticariogenic, and their dispersion prevents demineralization of enamel

What are Cariostatic/Noncariogenic Properties of Food?

Do not cause reduction in salivary pH below 5.5

What is Xylitol's role in anticariogenic activity?

It inhibits S. mutans from initiating caries process, increases salivary flow, and can remineralize incipient decay

What type of foods contribute the greatest risk for decay?

Dissolving foods that sit on the teeth for extended periods of time and solid, sticky foods that do not readily clear from the mouth

How long does acid production from liquids typically last?

20 minutes

How long does acid production from solid/sticky foods typically last?

30 mins

How long does acid production from slowly dissolving foods typically last?

40 mins