Exam 1

Dorsal root of spine

Dorsal root of spine

Afferent info to cord

Ventral root of spine

Efferent info away from cord

Above the midbrain directional terms

Dorsal (superior)

Rostral (anterior)

Caudal (posterior)

Ventral (inferior)

Below the midbrain directional terms

Rostral (superior)

Ventral (anterior)

Dorsal(posterior)

Caudal (inferior)

All ganglia except ________ are in the periphery

Basal, IN CNS

Damage to basal ganglia causes

Movement disorders

superior colliculus

Receives sensory input from eye, involved in eye movements

inferior colliculus

Relay station for sensory input from ear

damage to cerebellum causes

Ataxia- jerky, poorly coordinated movements

Medullary pyramids

Site of decussation (crossing over)

What CN leaves the head and neck region

CN X

What makes CSF?

Choroid plexus epithelium

What drains CSF?

Arachnoid granulations

What is the only non lipid soluble that is able to diffuse into the brain?

Glucose via GLUT-1 carriers

Golgi type I neurons

Long axons and project from one region of nervous system to another

Golgi type II neurons

Short axons that contribute to local circuits in a region

Anterograde transport

Soma to axon terminal

Retrograde transport

Axon terminal to cell body

Oligodendrocytes

Produce and maintain myelin sheath in CNS

Achetylcholine synthesis, metabolism, uses, and receptors

Synthesis: acetyltransferase (acetyl CoA + choline)

Metabolism: acetylcholinesterase

Uses: somatic transmission, autonomic transmission

Receptors: nicotinic and muscarinic

Norepinephrine synthesis, metabolism, uses, and receptors

Synthesis: made from tyrosine in the diet (aged meats, cheeses)

Metabolism: MAO and COMT

function: levels of wakefulness, excitatory in sympathetic nervous

Receptors: alpha 1,2 beta 1,2,3

Dopamine synthesis, metabolism, uses, and receptors

Synthesis: tyrosine in the diet (aged meats, cheeses)

Metabolism: COMT AND MAO

Function: nigrostriatal pathway- functions in movement

Mesocortical-reward pathway

Receptors: D1- stimulates D2-inhibits

Serotonin synthesis, metabolism, uses

Synthesis: made from tryptophan

metabolism: MAO

function: alters mood, role in anxiety, nausea/vomiting, cerebral blood flow

GABA synthesis, metabolism, uses, and receptors

synthesis: from glutamate

Metabolism: GABA transferase

Function: inhibitory (hyperpolarizes postsynaptic neurons)

Receptors: GABA-A opens chloride channels

GABA-B

Glutamate synthesis, metabolism, uses, and receptors

Synthesis: made from glutamine

Metabolism: glutamic acid decarboxylase

Function: primary excitatory neurotransmitters

Receptors: NMDA, AMPA

Tonic response

Constant train of action potentials in response to sustained stimuli

Ex: pain balance

Phasic response

Action potential response declines over time

Ex: smell, touch, temperature

Merkels disks

Slowly adapting, best for steady pressure

Meissner's corpuscles

Rapidly adapting (reading braille)

Ruffinis endings

Elasticity of skin (slowly adapting)

Pacinian corpuscles

Rapidly adapting, vibration

Lesions in the posterior parietal complex cause

Agnosia- inability to recognize objects w normal sensations

When looking at near distance

Ciliary muscle contracts, tension reduced and lens rounds out

When looking at far distance

Ciliary muscle is relaxed, lens is flat due to tension

In bright light

Rhodopsin dissociates thereby having less visual pigment available

In dark light

Rhodopsin stores are built up increasing phototransduction

Scala media is filled with

Endolymph

What causes depolarization in the ear?

Potassium (K)

What happens if you damage the outer hair cell function?

Deafness

Vestibular dysfunction

Nausea and vertigo

Utricle senses

Horizontal (forward and backwards)

Saccule senses

Vertical (up and down)

superior semicircular canal

Front to back (nodding head)

Horizontal semicircular canal

Left to right (shaking head)

Posterior circular canal

Left to right shoulder

Salt receptors

Na channels

sourness receptors

Respond to acidity (hydrogen)

Bitterness receptors

Binding to K channels

Umami receptors

Respond to amino acids

(Glutamate)

Innervation of tongue taste buds

CN VII first 2/3

CN IX last 1/3

Parotid glands Innervates by

CN IX

Primary neurotransmitter released by preganglionic neurons

Ach, binds to nicotinic receptors

Primary neurotransmitter released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons on target tissues

Norepinephrine, adrenergic receptors (except sweat glands and adrenals!)

What system has long preganglionic neuron and short post?

Parasympathetic

SA Node: parasympathetic and sympathetic response

Sympathetic:increased heart rate

Parasympathetic: decreased hr

B1 receptor

AV Node: parasympathetic and sympathetic response

Sympathetic: increased conduction speed

Parasympathetic: decreased conduction speed

B1 receptor

Bronchiolar smooth muscle parasympathetic and sympathetic response

Sympathetic: relaxation

Parasympathetic: constriction

B2 receptor

Kidney sympathetic response

Renin secretion

B1 receptor

Urinary bladder muscle parasympathetic and sympathetic response

Sympathetic: relaxation of bladder wall

Parasympathetic: contraction of bladder wall

B2 receptor

Urinary bladder sphincter parasympathetic and sympathetic response

Sympathetic: constriction

Parasympathetic: relaxation

A1 receptor

ventromedial nucleus (hypothalamus)

Satiety center

Lateral hypothalamic area

Feeding center

What happens If a patient is given a hypotonic solution?

Cells will swell

What happens if a patient is given a hypertonic solution?

Cells will shrink

What is resting membrane potential most influenced by?

Potassium (K)

Quantum

Amount of ach in a single presynaptic vesicle

Type 1 muscles

Slow twitch, postural muscles, maintain tone and resist fatigue, abundant in mitochondria, oxidative

Type 2 muscles

Fast twitch, brief movements and fatigue quickly, low in mitochondria, glycolytic

In smooth muscles, ______ overlap _______

Thick filaments overlap thin

Visceral smooth muscle

Works as syncytium

What is an important feature for sphincters?

Latch bridge state

Effect of alkalosis (higher pH)

Increase neuronal excitability, seizures

Effect of acidosis (lower pH)

Decrease neuronal excitability, coma

Frequency coding

Larger stimuli are encoded as high frequency of action potentials

Population coding

Pressing harder stimulates more receptors

Greatest spatial resolution

Fingertips and lips

Lowest spatial resolution

Calf and lower back

Regulation of food intake (short term)

Hypoglycemia and peptide hormone ghrelin go to the hunger center and have it secrete NPY and orexins, when you eat and your belly swells, CN X and CCK release tell the satiety center to release CRH and CART

Leptin

Hormone released my adipocytes that stimulates CART and inhibits NPY

Conduction

Down temperature gradient between objects in contact

Convection

Transfer of heat in fluids in direction of temperature gradient

Evaporation

Unidirectional heat transfer to evaporate water on skin

Cortisol peaks in ____ while growth hormone peaks during _______

Morning, sleep

EEGs

Highly variable, useful in diagnosing seizures

Serotonergic system

sleep-wake cycle and control of mood and emotions

Noradrenergic system

alarm center (most active when new environmental stimuli is present)

Cholinergic neurons

Attention to particular task and important for learning and memory

REM sleep

Dreaming sleep, awake brain but paralyzed body

Non-REM sleep

Parasympathetic system active, 4 stages but 3-4 is most restful and slow-wave

What type of waves are associated w slow-wave sleep?

Delta

What type of waves are associated with REM sleep?

Beta

Cingulate cortex

Sensations of emotions

Hippocampus

Conversion of short term mem to long term mem

Negative feedback to limit stress response

What suppresses aggression?

Higher parts of limbic system and frontal cortex

Amygdala

Strong emotions, fear and aggression, linking emotions w memories

How is fight or flight activated?

Amygdala stimulates hypothalamus to activate the response by the sympathetic nervous system

Broca's area

Frontal lobe, controls the mouth (forming speech)

Wernickes area

Temporal lobe, comprehension of speech and making sense

Where are neutrophils located?

blood and all tissues

Where are monocytes located?

Blood