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connective tissue with cells suspended in fluid matrix
how is blood described?
plasma and cells
components of blood
plasma
fluid matrix component in blood
water, proteins, other materials
what makes up plasma?
liver
where are most plasma proteins made?
albumins
plasma proteins: osmotic pressure, carrier proteins
globulins
plasma proteins: antibodies, carriers, clotting
Erythrocytes
red blood cells
transport of oxygen and CO2
function of RBC’s
leukocytes
white blood cells
immune protection
function of white blood cells
Platelets
Cell fragments forming from fragmentation of megakaryocytes
Thrombocytes
platelets
no
do red blood cells have a nucleus?
yes
do white blood cells have a nucleus?
phagocytes
Engulf foreign particles and cells
neutrophils and macrophages
what cell types are phagocytes?
granulocytes
Contain granules in cytoplasm
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
what cell types are granulocytes?
immunocytes
mediate specific immune responses
B and T cells
examples of immunocytes
common hematopoietic stem cell
where are all blood cells derived from?
liver, spleen, bone marrow
location of hematopoiesis in fetal development
bone marrow which fills hollow bones
location of hematopoiesis after age 1
red marrow
active bone marrow that contains hemoglobin
yellow marrow
inactive bone marrow that contians adipocytes
specific molecular regulators (colony stimulating factors and hormones)
how is hematopoiesis controlled?
leukopoisis
Colony Stimulating Factors produce select WBCs
thrombopoiesis
platelet formation
Erythropoiesis
RBC formation
thrombopoietin produced by the liver
what regulates thrombopoiesis and where is it produced?
erythroopoietin produced by the kidneys when O2 levels are low
what regulates erythropoiesis and where/why is it produced?
hematocrit
Separate plasma from formed elements to look at concentration of cells
red blood cells
most abundant cell type
Erythroblast
precursor RBC cell in marrow, that shrink and lose organelles (mitochondria, ER) along with nucleus
Reticulocyte
premature RBC that enters into circulation and becomes RBC
biconcave disc
Erythrocyte shape
flexible, fit through narrow capillaries
RBC cytoskeleton is specially designed to be _______ to __________
tonicity, disease/morphology
what can cause RBC shape change?
4 globin chains, each wraps around heme group that contains iron
structure of hemoglobin
hemoglobin
main component of RBC’s
bilirubin accumulation
what causes jaundice?
convert hemoglobin to bilirubin
how do macrophages destroy RBC’s
decreased liver function
what does jaundice indicate?
hemostasis
stopping flow of blood through a damaged vessel
vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, coagulation
steps of hemostasis
platelet plug formation
exposed collagen activates platelets, which then binds to collagen
platelet-activating factor, thromboxaneA2, serotonin
platelet factors released to promote platelet plug formation
fibrinogen then fibrin
what is thrombin converted into?
fibrin
insoluble polymers that aggregate with platelets
Fibrinolysis
breakdown of clot/fibrin as the vessel heals
plasmin
dissolves fibrin
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
converts plasminogen into plasmin
plasminogen
part of clot but inactive