Chapter 16- Blood

connective tissue with cells suspended in fluid matrix

how is blood described?

plasma and cells

components of blood

plasma

fluid matrix component in blood

water, proteins, other materials

what makes up plasma?

liver

where are most plasma proteins made?

albumins

plasma proteins: osmotic pressure, carrier proteins

globulins

plasma proteins: antibodies, carriers, clotting

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

transport of oxygen and CO2

function of RBC’s

leukocytes

white blood cells

immune protection

function of white blood cells

Platelets

Cell fragments forming from fragmentation of megakaryocytes

Thrombocytes

platelets

no

do red blood cells have a nucleus?

yes

do white blood cells have a nucleus?

phagocytes

Engulf foreign particles and cells

neutrophils and macrophages

what cell types are phagocytes?

granulocytes

Contain granules in cytoplasm

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

what cell types are granulocytes?

immunocytes

mediate specific immune responses

B and T cells

examples of immunocytes

common hematopoietic stem cell

where are all blood cells derived from?

liver, spleen, bone marrow

location of hematopoiesis in fetal development

bone marrow which fills hollow bones

location of hematopoiesis after age 1

red marrow

active bone marrow that contains hemoglobin

yellow marrow

inactive bone marrow that contians adipocytes

specific molecular regulators (colony stimulating factors and hormones)

how is hematopoiesis controlled?

leukopoisis

Colony Stimulating Factors produce select WBCs

thrombopoiesis

platelet formation

Erythropoiesis

RBC formation

thrombopoietin produced by the liver

what regulates thrombopoiesis and where is it produced?

erythroopoietin produced by the kidneys when O2 levels are low

what regulates erythropoiesis and where/why is it produced?

hematocrit

Separate plasma from formed elements to look at concentration of cells

red blood cells

most abundant cell type

Erythroblast

precursor RBC cell in marrow, that shrink and lose organelles (mitochondria, ER) along with nucleus

Reticulocyte

premature RBC that enters into circulation and becomes RBC

biconcave disc

Erythrocyte shape

flexible, fit through narrow capillaries

RBC cytoskeleton is specially designed to be _______ to __________

tonicity, disease/morphology

what can cause RBC shape change?

4 globin chains, each wraps around heme group that contains iron

structure of hemoglobin

hemoglobin

main component of RBC’s

bilirubin accumulation

what causes jaundice?

convert hemoglobin to bilirubin

how do macrophages destroy RBC’s

decreased liver function

what does jaundice indicate?

hemostasis

stopping flow of blood through a damaged vessel

vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, coagulation

steps of hemostasis

platelet plug formation

exposed collagen activates platelets, which then binds to collagen

platelet-activating factor, thromboxaneA2, serotonin

platelet factors released to promote platelet plug formation

fibrinogen then fibrin

what is thrombin converted into?

fibrin

insoluble polymers that aggregate with platelets

Fibrinolysis

breakdown of clot/fibrin as the vessel heals

plasmin

dissolves fibrin

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

converts plasminogen into plasmin

plasminogen

part of clot but inactive