Music App Ch.2

450-1450 had 3 main social classes

nobility, peasantry, clergy

450-1450 cathedral

center of musical life

450-1450 important occupation in monasteries

liturgical singing

450-1450 most medieval music was

vocal

most important musicians

priests who worked for the church

some nuns

wrote music for the choir

because of preeminence of church

only sacred music was notated

church disapproved instruments because

of their previous roles in pagan rituals

organs were mainly played on

feast days and other special occasions

Gregorian Chant

a melody set to sacred Latin texts and is sung without accomplishment

Who is Gregorian Chart named after

Pope Gregory I (the great)

Who sung Gregorian chart several hours each day for mass services

Monks and nuns

Hildegard of Bingen

first woman composer from whom a large number of monophonic sacred songs have survived from

Drone

consists of one or more long, sustained tones accompanying a melody

More surviving chants by blank than any other composer from the Middle Ages

Hildegard

Troubadours

poet-composers

Troubadours were

active in courts of the nobility and in towns during the 12th and 13th centuries

term troubadour comes from

words meaning “to invent” or “to find”

Female troubadours

Trobairitz

Minstrels

wandering entertainers who performed in castles, taverns, and town squares

Minstrels were an important source of

information

Estampie

medieval dance

Organum

medieval music that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines

Leonin and Perotin

developed rhythmic innovations

Renaissance years

1450-1600

Renaissance means

rebirth (of human creativity)

David by Donatello

first freestanding nude sculpture since Roman times

Invention of printing press

widened circulation of music

church was still an important patron of music, but it shifted to

the courts

Italy

most passionate patronage of music

Italy became leading music center

in sixteenth century

Renaissance music sounds

fuller than medieval music

Bass register used for the first time

Renaissance music

A capella

unaccompanied choral music

two main forms of sacred Renaissance music

motet and mass

Motet

polyphonic choral work set to a sacred Latin text other than ordinary of the mass

Mass

polyphonic choral composition made up of 5 sections

5 sections of mass

Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei

Palestrina’s music is best understood against the background of

Counter-reformation

During the Renaissance,

secular vocal music became popular

Madrigal

a piece for several voices set to a short poem, usually about love

Lute

a plucked string instrument with a body shaped like half a pear

Classical period years

1750-1820

Classical Period known as

Age of Enlightenment

What marked the 70 year period 1750-1820

violent political and social upheaval

political and economic shifted from ____ to _____

aristocracy and church to middle class

classical style

common stress on balance and clarity of structure

composers concentrated on

simplicity and clarity

masters of classical style

Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven

Texture

simple, varied, flexible

Melody

tuneful and easy to remember, borrowed tunes of folk and popular music

piano replaced

harpsichord in 1775

standard group of 4 sections

strings, woodwind, brass, percussion

classical composers exploited

the individual tone colors of orchestral instruments

Joseph Haydn’s musical background consisted of

folksongs and peasant dances until he was 6

“A pioneer in the development of the symphony and string quartet”

• Papa Hadyn

Wolfgang Mozart was

one of the greatest child prodigies in history

Mozart won more acclaim as a _____ than as an ______

child prodigy; adult musician

Mozart was buried

in a sack in an unmarked communal grave

mozart wrote masterpieces

in all musical forms

Beethoven never

served in the Viennese aristocracy

Beethoven was completely deaf by

age 44

Beethoven’s music was not mere entertainment, but

a moral force

Beethoven bridged

classical and romantic eras

During classical period,

middle class had great influence on music