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Adolescence
A developmental transition between childhood and adulthood entailing major physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes.
Puberty
Involves dramatic biological changes, including the secretion of increasing levels of androgens and the maturing of sex organs.
Primary sex characteristics
(Necessary for reproduction)
Women: ovaries, vagina, uterus, & fallopian tubes
Men: Penis, testes, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles in men.
Secondary sex characteristics
(Physiological signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs) Breast Development, deeping voice, body odor, and the appearance of facial pubic and underarm hair.
Growth spurt
A sharp increase in height and weight that precedes sexual maturity.
Spermarche
The first ejaculation in males.
Menarche
The first menstruation in females.
Environmental factors
Influence the pace of pubertal development, including undernutrition and genetic influence.
Body image
One's perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about one's body, which can be affected by puberty.
Sedentary Lifestyle
not participating (much) in physical activity or too passive in their life
too much time watching TV, playing video games or on the computer (and not enough activity)
driving or using public transportation a lot and rarely walking or cycling
spending a lot of time sitting at work, school, college or at home
Bulimia Nervosa
A person regularly eats huge quantities of food and then purges the body with laxatives, inducing vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise.
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation.
Substance abuse
The harmful use of alcohol or other drugs.
Substance dependence
Addiction to a harmful substance.
Motor vehicle collisions
The leading cause of accidental death in adolescence.
Homicides
The third leading cause of death for adolescents.
Suicide
The second leading cause of death in adolescence.
Piaget's Stage of Formal Operations
The final stage of cognitive development characterized by the ability to think abstractly.
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
Involves the ability to develop, consider, and test hypotheses.
Imaginary audience
A conceptualized "observer" who is as concerned with a young person's thoughts and behavior as they are.
Personal fable
A belief that adolescents think they are special, their experiences are unique, and they are not subject to the rules that govern the rest of the world.
Language development
Children's use of language generally reflects their level of cognitive development.
Moral reasoning
Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which progresses through stages of reasoning.
Preconventional morality
people act under external controls. They obey rules to avoid punishment or reap rewards, or they act out of self-interest. This level is typical of children ages 4 to 10.
Conventional morality
concerned about being ‘’good’’ pleasing others and maintaining the social order. This level is typically reached after age 10; many people never move beyond it, even in adulthood.
Postconventional morality
People recognize conflicts between moral standards and make their own judgments on the basis of principles of right, fairness, and justice.
Ethic of Care
Gilligan's theory that asserts different values for men and women, with women placing caring and avoiding harm as higher goals than justice, with men viewed morality in terms of justice and fairness
Educational practices
The methods and strategies used in teaching and learning.
Intrinsic motivation
The desire to learn for the sake of learning itself.
Academic self-efficacy
The belief in one's ability to succeed academically.
Verbal tasks
Tasks that involve writing and language usage.
Visual and spatial functions
Abilities related to visual perception and spatial reasoning.
Parental involvement
The level of engagement and participation of parents in their children's education.
Subtle differences
Small and often unnoticed distinctions.
Enriched neighborhoods
Neighborhoods with resources and opportunities that support positive development.
Deprived neighborhoods
Neighborhoods lacking resources and opportunities, which can hinder development.
Gender differences
Differences between males and females.
Parental involvement in academic activities
The extent to which parents are involved in their children's educational pursuits.
Minority status
Being part of a racial or ethnic group that is in the minority.
Peer rejection
Being excluded or disliked by one's peers.
Bullying
Repeated aggressive behavior intended to harm or intimidate others.
Self-efficacy beliefs
Beliefs about one's ability to succeed in a particular domain or area.
Vocational counseling
Guidance and support provided to individuals in making career
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