runestone academy ap csp unit 4

procedure

\-named group of programming instructions that may have parameters/return values

\-referred to by different names (method or function) depending on the programming language.

for-each counting loop

block that repeatedly processes one or more instructions until some condition is met

repeat until loop

\-Block that repeats its code until the boolean condition evaluates to true.

\-If the condition evaluates to true initially, the code is not executed at all

\-There can be an infinite loop if the ending condition never evaluates to true.

Logo

\-programming language invented in the 1960s by Seymour Papert

\-used to draw simple and complex geometric shapes.

iterative thinking

thinking process of repeatedly processing a limited number of steps

step-wise refinement

thinking process of moving one small step at a time when developing a program

design thinking

\-iterative process

\-consists of understanding the user; challenging assumptions; & redefining problems to identify strategies/solutions that might not be instantly apparent

\-empathize, define, ideate, prototype, test

step 1 of design thinking (empathize)

investigating & understanding users to identify the program requirements through surveys, user testing, or interviews

step 2 of design thinking (define)

analyzing the problem & determining the program specifications

step 3 of design thinking (ideate)

brainstorming possible solutions through paper prototypes or making a list of ideas

step 4 of design thinking (prototype)

Creatively build simple solutions

step 5 of design thinking(test)

Evaluate the solutions

hypothesis

explanation that can be tested by experimentation written in if/then format

simulation

\-Mimics real-world events with the purpose of drawing inferences

\-Involves removing specific details/simplifying functionality.

-Facilitates the formulation & refinement of hypotheses related to the objects/phenomena under consideration.

\-Computer simulations usually make some simplifying assumptions about the real-world object being modeled.

randomness

\-lack of pattern/regularity

\-sequence of events has no order

deterministic

process that is completely predictable

pseudo random number generator (PRNG)

-Algorithm that generates a series of numbers that appear to be random but are determined by it
-Simulation (abstraction) of real randomness

seed

tells the PRNG where to begin in the sequence

pseudo random numbers

requires seed, mod, & formula

linear congruential generator (LCG)

-PRNG that uses a linear function
-Does not require much memory

random event

-event that cannot be predicted with certainty
-i.e. flipping a fair coin, rolling a die, picking a card from a well shuffled deck.

random block

block that gets pseudo-random numbers

random fraction block

block that only generates values between 0 & 0.99

model

abstraction that provides a simplified representation of some object/phenomenon

fair coin

flipped coin that would come up heads 50% of the time over a large number of coin flips

modular arithmetic

-system of arithmetic for whole numbers in which the numbers “wrap around” upon reaching a certain value (the modulus)
-i.e. a 12-hour clock "wraps around" to 1 after 12

mod operator

returns the remainder when a number is divided by another

computing innovation

\-executes a program as a fundamental part of its function

\-i.e. picture editing software, self-driving car

data

-information formatted in a certain way
-i.e. text on paper, bytes stored electronically

computing innovations w/ data

\-input

\-processing

\-storage

\-output

data privacy

assures that personal/corporate confidential information is collected, used, protected & destroyed legally & fairly

data security

controls access to personal information, protecting against its unauthorized use & acquisition

data storage

\-archives data

\-2 types of storage (hard data & remote data)

hard data

\-RAM

\-Hard Drive

\-flash drives

\-solid state

remote data

cloud computing

personally identifiable information (PII)

\-information about an individual that identifies, links, relates, is unique to, or describes them.

\-i.e. social security number, age, race, phone number(s)

cookies

\-Small files or bits of data that are stored on your computer.

\-Placed when you access a site