Clarkee for three!!! PHARMACOLOGYY!!

Pharmacokinetics

what the body does to the drug

pharmacodynamics

the biochemical and physical effects of drugs and the mechanisms of drug actions

pharmcotheraeutics

the use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases

drug name

is a scientific name that precisely describes its anatomic and molecular structure

generic name

abbreviation of the chemical name

trade name

The commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer; also called the proprietary name.

plants, animals, and minerals

the natural sources of drugs

synthetic drugs

drugs that are free from the impurities found in natural substances

buccal

an administration route where the medication is place on the pouch between the cheek and gum

subingual

an administration route where the medication route is placed under the tongue

Translingual

an administration route where the medication is placed on the tongue

gastric

administration route that allows direct installation of medication into the GI system of patients who can't ingest the drug orally

intradermal

route of administration in which the drug is injected into skin tissue

intramuscular

route of administration in which the drug is injected into muscle tissue

intravenous

Administering drugs by injecting directly into the vein

oral

this administration route is usually the safest, most convenient, and least expensive

rectal and vaginal

an administration route where suppositories, ointments, creams, gels, and tablets may be instilled into the rectum and the vagina to treat local irritation or infection

respiratory

administration route where drugs are given by inhalation and are rapidly absorbed

subcutaneous

A drug route of administration in which it is injected just beneath the skin.

topical

route of administration to skin or mucous membranes

epidural infusion

Delivery of medication into the epidural space.

intrathecal infusion

Direct delivery of medication into the cerebrospinal fluid

intrapleural infusion

route where medication is injected into the pleural cavity

intraperitoneal infusion

route where medication is injected into the peritoneal cavity

intraosseous infusion

The process of infusing medications, fluids, and blood products into the bone marrow cavity for subsequent delivery to the venous circulation

intraarticular infussion

administration route where medication is administrated into a joint

pills

a drug form the is shaped spherical to be swallowed

tablets

a drug form where powders are compressed into disc-like form

suppositories

drug form where drugs are mixed with a waxlike base that melts at body temperature

capsules

Gelatin shells filled with powdered or liquid medication

solutions

this drug form is water or oil based

tinctures

a drug form that are prepared using alcohol extraction process

suspension

are preparations in which the solid does not dissolve in the solvent

emulsion

suspension with an oily substance in the solvent

spirits

Solution of a volatile drug in alcohol

elixers

alcohol and water solvent often with flavouring

syrups

Solutions of drugs with water and sugar

pharmacokinetics

this branch of pharmacology is concerned with a drug's onset of action, peak concentration level, and duration of action

Drug Absorption

this drug's progress from the time it's

administered, through its passage to the tissues, until it

reaches systemic circulation.

active or passive transport

drugs are absorbed primarily through:

drug distribution

it is the process by which the drug is delivered

from the systemic circulation to body tissues and fluids.

blood flow, solubility, and protein binding

the distribution of an absorbed drug within the body depends on several factors such as (3)

metabolism

biotransformation, is the process by

which the body changes a drug from its dosage form to a more water-soluble form that can then be excreted.

drug excretion

this refers to the elimination of drugs from the body

Pharmacodynamics

the study of the drug mechanisms that produce biochemical or physiologic changes in the body.

Pharmacotherapeutics

it is the use of drugs to treat a disease

Drug Interactions

this occurs between drugs or between drugs and food

adverse drug reactions

this is a harmful and undesirable reaction towards a drug

pharmacodynamics

The study of what the drug does to the body

pharmacodynamics

is the study between the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals

receptor sites

are specific areas on cell membranes that reacts with certain chemicals to cause and effect within the cel

enzymes

they break down the reacting chemicals and open the receptor sites for further stimuation

agonists

interacts directly with receptor sites to cause the same activity that natural chemicals would cause at that site

inhibitors

they prevent breakdown of natural chemicals that are stimulating the receptor site

competitive antagonist

they react with receptor sites to block normal stimulation, which in turn produces no effect

non competitive antagonists

they react with specific receptor sites on a cell and by reacting there prevent the reaction of another chemical with a different receptor site on that cell

selective toxicity

it is the ability of a drug to attack only those systems found in foreign cells

critical concentration

the amount of drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect

loading dose

A higher dose than that usually used for treatment

dynamic equilibrium

its process is

Absorption from the site of entry

Distribution to the active site

Biotransformation (metabolism) in the liver

Excretion from the body

protein binding

the attachment of a drug molecule to a plasma or tissue protein, effectively making the drug inactive but also keeping it within the body

blood-brain barrier

A mechanism that prevents certain molecule from entering the brain but allows others to cross

metabolism

it is the process by which drugs are changed into new, less active chemicals

first pass effect

The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream.

skin, saliva, lungs, bile, and feces

Routes used to excrete drugs

glomerular filtration

drugs are excreted by the kidneys through what function

half life

is the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half of the peak level it previously achieved.

drug allergy

This is a hypersensitivity response to a drug to which the patient has been preciously exposed;

anaphylactic reaction

allergy that involves an antibody that react to chemicals including histamine that produces immediate reactions tat can lead to respiratory distress and even respiratory arrest

cytotoxic reaction

This allergy involves antibodies that circulate in the blood and attack antigens (the drug) on cell sites, causing death of that cell. This reaction is not immediate but may be seen over a few days.

serum sickness reaction

This allergy involves antibodies that circulate in the blood and cause damage to various tissues by depositing in blood vessels. This reaction may occur up to 1 wk or more after exposure to the drug

delayed allergic reaction

occurs several hours after exposure and involves antibodies that are bound to specific white blood cells

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

A severe, possibly fatal reaction that mimics a burn; may be due to a medication.

superiinfections

infections that are caused by organisms that are usually controlled by the normal flora

blood dyscrasia

-bone marrow suppression caused by drug effects

-occurs when drugs that can cause cell death are used