exam5

Clitoris; glans of penis

contains erectile tissue that stimulates sexual arousal and climax

Labia majora and Scrotum common function

protect and cover some reproductive structures

Vestibular; bulbourethral glands

secrete mucin for lubrication

Only ovaries produce gametes; while tested produce sperm

FALSE

Epididymis

Stores sperm until mature

ductus deferens function

Contraction of muscularis moves the sperm

ejaculatory duct

Conducts sperm and seminal fluid to urethra

Urethra

Transports semen outside of the body

seminal vesicles

Fructose, prostaglandins, & bicarbonate

prostate glands components

citric acid, seminalplasmin, PSA

bulbourethral glands

Secretion lubricates and buffers the urethra

The ovaries

Are responsible for the production of oocytes & secretion of hormones

uterine tube

The normal site of fertilization

Which is not part of the vulva?

The vagina

Which structure is not found in both males & females?

vestibular gland

An erection is the result of parasympathetic innervation, and ejaculation is sympathetic innervation.

TRUE

The clitoris is homologous to the penis.

TRUE

Which of these structures contains sebaceous glands?

labia minora

Sperm require seminal fluid in order to survive in the acidic environment of the vagina.

TRUE

Arousal phase; increased muscle tone and engorgement of sex organ with blood

Excitation (first stage of human sexual response)

"Orgasmic platform" develops in females; urethral sphincter contracts in males.

Plateau (second stage of human sexual response)

Uterus and orgasmic platform contract in females; ejaculation occurs in males.

Orgasm (third stage of human sexual response)

Body relaxes & returns to preexcitation conditions.

Resolution (fourth stage of human sexual response)

When a secondary locuteurs is released from the ovary, it completes its meiotic division in the absence of fertilization.

FALSE

Fertilization stimulates a released secondary oocyte to complete its meiotic division.

TRUE

Fertilization must take place within 24 hours of ovulation, due to the disintegration of the oocyte.

TRUE

Cleavage is the process of the zygote dividing by mitosis.

TRUE

The sloughing off of the upper 2/3 of the endometrium at the end of a non-fertile cycle occurs most directly in response to a fall in the secretion of:

Estrogen & progesterone

Ovulation is most directly stimulated by a surge in the secretion of ________.

LH

Menstruation is caused by the:

decreased secretion of estrogen and progesterone

A normal menstruation is prevented after fertilization by the:

Continued elevation of estrogen & progesterone secretion

Pregnancy tests assay for the presence of:

hCG

The shredding of the endometrium during a nonfertile cycle is most directly caused by the:

Fall in estrogen & progesterone

The human female determines the sex of her offspring.

FALSE

Which of the following is the essential organ of the female reproductive system?

Ovaries

Lack of adequate progesterone post ovulation can lead to a miscarriage. Which of the following could cause the decreased progesterone levels?

Lack of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone production

How many autosomal chromosomes are present in human cells?

22 pairs

The first sign of puberty in females is

growth spurt

Sperm are stored and matured in the

epididymis

Emission and ejaculation are under parasympathetic nerve control.

FALSE

The movement of semen into the urethra is called

emission

Nitric oxide released by endothelial cells in vascular smooth muscle is responsible for smooth muscle relaxation & therefore responsible for which of the following?

penile erection

The most successful method of contraception is

vasectomy

Ovulation occurs around day 14 of the ovarian cycle.

TRUE

Day 1 of menstrual cycle is

first day of menses

Pheromones are responsible for the dormitory effect of synchronized menstrual cycles of females living together.

TRUE

For the rhythm method to be successful, coitus (sexual intercourse) must not happen

6 days prior to ovulation through 2 days after ovulation

The process of sperm gaining the ability to fertilize an ovum as they pass through the female reproductive tract is called

capacitation

Ova are fertilized in the

fallopian tubes

fertilized egg is called a

zygote

What hormone may play a role in reducing the size of the uterus following delivery?

oxytocin

Milk let-down

may occur in response to auditory cues

What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates production of milk proteins?

prolactin

Infants that are breastfed receive which of the following from the mother?

IgA

Breastfeeding is an excellent contraceptive for women in developed countries.

FALSE

The corpus lutrin secretes both estradiol and progesterone.

TRUE

Uterine wall comprised of ___ layers.

3

Outermost uterine layer is a serosal layer of connective tissue

Perimetrium

Thick, middle tunic comprised of smooth muscle (uterus)

Myometrium

Mucosa composed of a Simple Columnar Epithelium and an underlying lamina proprios; lamina proprios is filled with uterine glands, which enlarge during the uterine cycle.

Endometrium

Layers of the endometrium:

1. basal layer

2. functional layer

basal layer of endometrium

deeper layer immediately adjacent to the myometrium and is the permanent layer that undergoes little change during the uterine cycle

functional layer of endometrium

changes thickness during the uterine cycle and is shed as menses if fertilization and implantation don't occur

external genitalia of female

collectively called the vulva

mons pubis

an expanse of skin and subcutaneous connective tissue immediately anterior to the pubic symphysis

labia majora

paired, thickened folds of skin, covered with hair, containing sebaceous and sweat glands; homologous to the scrotum of the male

Labia minora

Paired folds medial to the labia majors, devoid of hair, and are highly vascularized with numerous melanocytes.

vestibule

Space between labia minora that contains vaginal orifice and urethral openings

greater vestibular glands (Bartholin glands)

Also within the vestibule

clitoris

Small (< 2 cm), erectile body, located superior to the urethral opening and homologous to the penis of the male.

corpora cavernosa

2 small erectile bodies that form the body of the clitoris

glans clitoris

exposed portion of the clitoris (capping the clitoris)

prepuce of clitoris

external fold of the labia minora that forms a hoodlike covering over the clitoris

mammary glands (breasts)

Functions to produce and secrete breast milk that contains a complex mixture of proteins, fats, and a sugar for nutrition to infants.

nipple

cylindrical projection on the center of the breast containing multiple openings from internal secretory ducts

areola

pinkish/brown pigmented ring of skin that surrounds the nipple

Testes

primary male sex organs

Accessory organs of the testes

Include a complex set of ducts & tubules leading from the testes to the penis; the penis is the organ of copulation (intercourse)

scrotum (male)

A skin-covered sac that provides the testes with a cooler environment than body temperature; sperm develop successfully at 3 degrees Celsius below normal body temp; scrotum is homologous to the labia majora in the female

testes function

The function of the testes is two-fold:

1) production of sperm

2) production & secretion of androgens (make sex hormones), most common—\>testosterone

tunica albuginea of testis

Located just deep to the visceral layer and in contact with the testis-thick, whitish fibrous capsule covering the testis

septa

Formed by the tunica albuginea projecting internally into the testes; subdivide to form about 250 LOBULES

lobules

Contain four convoluted seminiferous tubules

interstitial space

Spaces external to and in between seminiferous tubules

Interstitial cells reside in these space and produce hormones called androgens

Male reproductive system Ducts (beginning at testis extending through the penis in order)

*Rete testis

*Efferent ductules

*Epididymis

*Ductus deferens

*Ejaculatory duct

*Urethra

seminal fluid (semen)

sperm cells and secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands; created by 3 glands that secrete fluids to mix with sperm

seminal fluid

Secretions nourish the sperm & neutralize the acidity of the vagina

ejaculate

semen released during intercourse

External genitalia male

penis and scrotum; body (shaft) of penis is elongated

glans penis

Tip of the penis; surrounds the external urethral orifice

ejaculation

The expelling of semen from the penis, in part by the rhythmic contraction of the smooth muscle of the urethra; SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION