Western Heritage Chapter 7 Key Terms

Old Regime

Term applied to the pattern of social, political, and economic relationships and institutions that existed in Europe before the French Revolution.

Customary rights

the rights and privileges that were guaranteed to the particular communities or groups of which an individual was a part. The “community” might include the village, the municipality, the nobility, the church, the guild, a university, or the parish.

Sumptuary Law

The term denotes regulations restricting extravagance in food, drink, dress, and household equipment, usually on religious or moral grounds

Hobereaux

country squire

Corvee

French peasants were required to work part of each year on such projects. This system, called the corvée, was not abolished until the French Revolution in 1789

Banalities

The feudal dues to which nearly all French peasants were subject, such as payment to grind grain at the lord’s mill or to bake bread in his oven.

Barshchina

referred to unpaid labor dues (corvée) owed by a peasant to his lord, most commonly labor on the land.

Pugachev’s Rebellion

the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in the Russian Empire after Catherine II seized power in 1762.

Family economy

The basic structure of production and consumption in preindustrial Europe

Economy of expedients

If economic disaster struck the family, it was usually the wife who organized the "economy of expedients", within which family members might be send off to find work elsewhere or even to beg in the streets.

Agricultural Revolution

The innovations in farm production that began in the eighteenth century and led to a scientific and mechanized agriculture.

Cornelius Vermuyden

The most famous of the Dutch engineers, Cornelius Vermuyden, directed one large drainage project in Yorkshire and another in Cambridge

Crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Industrial Revolution

Mechanization of the European economy that began in Britain in the second half of the eighteenth century.

Consumer Revolution

The vast increase in both the desire and the possibility of consuming goods and services that began in the early eighteenth century and created the demand for sustaining the Industrial Revolution

James Watt

(1736–1819) Scottish inventor best known for the improvements he made to the Newcomen steam engine that was crucial to the Industrial Revolution.

Henry Cort

Henry Cort. developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke; he also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of spewing out iron in every shape and form.

Priscilla Wakefield

English writer that believed the kinds of employment open to women had narrowed, also believed women should be paid equal wages

Guild

an association of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town.

Ghetto

Separate communities in which Jews were required by law to live.

Samuel Oppenhiemer

perhaps the most famous of court Jews; helped Habsburgs finance struggle against Turks and defense of Vienna