BIOL 117 Final Practice Questions

How does water move in terms of water potential?

High to low water potential

Describe how sugar is transported in the phloem and the direction of this movement?

translocation/bidirectional

Describe how water is transported in the xylem and the direction of this movement?

transpirational/upward

Which of the following statements does NOT agree with the cohesion-tension theory in plants?

a. None of the above statements agrees with the cohesion-tension theory.

b. Transporation at leaves provides the tension necessary to move water through xylem tissues.

c. Cohesion among water molecules allows for water to be pulled from the roots to the shoots of a plant.

d. ATP is required to move water from the soil into the roots tissues.

D

Paracrine hormones

A non-nerve cell secretes a chemical signal to a target cell found in a very close proximity (a neighboring cell)

Neuroendocrine hormones

A nerve cell secretes a hormone that travels through the blood to act upon a target cell at another location within the animal's body.

Pheromone

A chemical signal is released into the environment where the target cell is found in another organism.

Autocrine

A non-nerve cell secretes a chemical signal in which the target cell is itself

Endocrine

A non-nerve cell secretes a hormone that travels through the blood to act upon a target cell at another location within the animal's body

Steroid hormones are

lipid soluble

Peptide or Amino Acid Derivative Hormones are

lipid insoluble

Binds to an intracellular receptor

Steroid Hormone

Requires signal amplification after bound to a receptor.

Peptide or Amino Acid Derivative Hormone

Binding usually results in a change of gene expression.

Steroid Hormone

Binds to an extracellular receptor.

Peptide or Amino Acid Derivative Hormone

If high levels of progesterone was injected into an adult female at the beginning of the cycle (between 0 and 7 days), what effect would this have on other hormones?

LH and FSH levels would both remain low

Seed germination is induced by red light and inhibited by far-red light. What is responsible for this phenomenon?

Phytochrome changing its shape when exposed to red versus far-red light

A phytochrome in the Pfr conformation has recently been exposed to red light (~660nm).

True

Where on the body of an adult plant would you find a phototropin receptor?

Tip of the shoot

Which of the following statements about phototropism is false?

A. Cells on the illuminated side of a stem elongate more than cells on the shaded side.

B. The bending of the plant is due to cell elongation in response to auxin.

C. Phototropins play a significant role in phototropism.

D. Phototropism is triggered by blue light.

A. Cells on the illuminated side of a stem elongate more than cells on the shaded side.

Which of the following would initiate a plant's phototrophic response?

A. Auxin release that travels down a single side of a plant's stem.

B. Allowing for a lighting pattern where red light is the last type of light a plant experiences in the darkness.

C. Shining a far red wavelength of light on a plant from a single direction.

D. Removing the apical meristem from a seedling's stem.

A.

If cells in the _____ are removed, roots will no longer respond to gravity.

Root cap

Na+ channels opening lead to

depolarization

For a neuron at rest with a membrane potential of -65 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in the ________.

hyper polarization of the neuron

The minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels

action potential

The depolarization phase of an action potential requires _____.

opening of Na+ channels in the membrane

What happens if twice as many inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) as excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) arrive at a postsynaptic neuron in close proximity?

No action potential occurs

In a synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by ________.

the postsynaptic membrane

EPSPs must be greater than the IPSPs in order for an action potential to occur.

True

Why does the presence of a myelin sheath increase the speed at which a nerve impulse travels?

Myelin insulates the axons, allowing nerve impulses to jump from one node of Ranvier to another.

Tetrodotoxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels and ouabain blocks sodiumpotassium pumps. If you added both tetrodotoxin and ouabain to a solution containing neural tissue, what responses would you expect?

immediate loss of action potential with gradual loss of resting potential.

A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. What response is occurring?

inflammatory response

Antigens are _____.

foreign molecules that can initiate an immune response

An epitope is ________.

the part of an antigen that actually binds to an antibody, B-Cell receptor, or T-Cell receptor

How does the immune system of vertebrates utilize a chemical concentration gradient?

The immune system releases chemical signals called chemokines, which create a chemical gradient that leukocytes use in migrating toward the infection site.

True or False? Inflammation is the result of the innate immune response to infection.

True

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity?

It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered.

Which of the following statements best describes B cells?

Cells that produce antibodies, mature in bone marrow, and act in the humoral immune response.

How are cytotoxic T cells produced?

CD8+ T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T cells

The activation of helper T cells is likely _____.

when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell (antigen presenting cell)

Which statement best describes the difference in response of B cells (plasma cells) and cytotoxic T cells?

B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells

Which of the following statements about antibodies is FALSE?

A. Antibodies are either attached to B cells or are released into the environment by B cells.

B. Antibodies are made up of proteins or glycoproteins.

C. Antibodies bind to antigens at an area of the antigen known as an epitope.

D. Antibodies are produced by T cells.

D. Antibodies are produced by T cells.

What is the best definition of autoimmune disease?

a condition in which self molecules are treated as nonself

Which of the following is thought to be first type of living organism on earth?

Non-Photosynthesizing prokaryotes

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

Bacteria and Archaea

True or False? Heterokaryotic cells in fungi are considered to be diploid.

False

Which of the following classification of animals can be described as nonsymmetrical acoelomates with no true tissues and specialized cells knowns as choanocytes?

Porifera

Which of the following classification of animals most specifically describes an animal that is a bilaterian deutrostome, is a coelomate, is cephalized, and that has both jaws and milk-producing glands?

Mammalia

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that _____.

a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots

Gametophytes are plants that grow from _________ and produce __________.

Spores, gametes

True or False? Sporophytes are diploid organisms.

True

What kind of tissue gives the appearance of growth rings in woody plants?

Secondary xylem

Non-Vascular Seedles Plants

Dominant Gametophyte and Dependent Sporophyte

Vascular Seedless Plants

Dominant Sporophyte and Independent Gametophyte

Vascular Seed Plants

Dominant Sporophyte and Dependent Gametophyte

Which is NOT a characteristic of osmoregulation in marine (salt-water) fish?

Lose bodily electrolytes (salts) through diffusion.

How does the osmolarity of kidney tissues change as you move from the cortex to the medulla?

It increases

Organisms with which of the following respiratory organs use countercurrent exchange to maximize gas exchange?

Organisms with gills

In our kidneys, blood is initially filtered through the

renal corpuscle

Macrophages secrete

Interleukin 1

Cytotoxic T cells secrete

Perforins

B Cells secrete

Antibodies

Mast Cells secrete

Histamines

Helper T Cells secrete

Interleukin 2

True or False? An allergy is caused by an overreaction of the immune system to create an overabundance of IgE antibodies.

True

True or False? Inflammation is the result of the innate immune response to infection.

True

True or False? Leukocytes are the cells responsible for the adaptive immune response.

False, not all leukocytes are involved in adaptive immunity

What is the name of the enzyme that is directly responsible for breaking down cellulose in plant cell walls during the phototropic response?

Expansin

True or False? When measuring charge on either side of a neuron at rest, the interior of the cell is negative and the exterior is positive.

True

True or False? During the depolarization phase of an action potential, the membrane becomes more negatively charged.

False, it becomes more positive due to Na+

Which statement(s) describe saltatory conduction? Select all that apply.

A. Leads to a neural signal moving slowly down an axon.

B. Defined as the "jumping" of an electrical signal down a myelinated neuron.

C. Describes how sodium and potassium ions only flow across the membrane at Nodes of Ranvier.

D. Results from action of specialized cells known as Schwann cells.

B,C and D

Which of the following would be a possible result if calcitonin suddenly was no longer produced?

A. Calcium levels within the blood would increase.

B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) production would stop.

C. Kidneys would reabsorb calcium from the blood stream.

D. Bones would become depleted of their calcium stores.

E. Calcium would not be absorbed in the intestines.

A. Calcium levels within the blood would increase.

C. Kidneys would reabsorb calcium from the blood stream.

D. Bones would become depleted of their calcium stores.

Male and female gametogenesis results in the same number of functional gametes being created from one original diploid precursor cell.

False

Leydig cells are ______-specific and produce _________.

Male/testosterone

What process occurs between the stage of primary ooctye and the production of a secondary oocyte + polar body?

Meiosis 1

To which wavelength of light are phytochrome receptors in plants sensitive?

Red/Far Red

To which wavelength of light are phototropin receptors sensitive?

Blue

True or False? Countercurrent exchange across the surface of gills results from an oxygen concentration gradient between the blood of the animal and the surrounding waters.

True

True or False? Euryhaline animals cannot tolerate large fluctuations in the osmolarity of their environment.

False

Considering the three types of nitrogenous wastes produced in animals, which of the following statements is true?

A. Ammonia is the least toxic.

B. Urea uses the most amount of water to be excreted from the body.

C. Uric acid is mostly insoluble in water.

D. Urea is most toxic.

E. None of the above statements are true.

C. Uric acid is mostly insoluble in water.

The majority of the water that is filtered from the blood in the kidney is regained by the body at the region of the Loop of Henle known as _________.

Descending Limb

True or False? The renal cortex of a human kidney has a higher salt content than the renal medulla.

False

True or False? The characteristic of having the ability to photosynthesize would be found in land plants, but NOT in green algae .

False

In plants, gametes are created through ______.

Mitosis

In the life cycle of an angiosperm, what is the male gametophyte?

the pollen grain

In which plant tissue does the majority of photosynthesis occur?

ground tissue

Which of the following plant cells secrete the cuticle?

Epidermal cells

Meristems contain tissues that will later become fully functioning plant tissues. Which type of embryonic plant tissue will later become vascular tissue?

Procambium

True or False? The vascular cambium of a tree produces both secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

True

Which of the following lists the portion of a mature 60ft tree that contains the OLDEST tissues?

The trunk at soil level

Which of the following types of muscle tissues are involuntary?

Cardiac and Smooth

What type of connective tissue has a solid extracellular matrix that allows for stiff, yet flexible structural support?

Cartilage

True or False? Adaptations are genotypic and long-term, while acclimations are phenotypic and short-term.

True

If an animal can be described as both an endoderm and a homeotherm, then this animal

Produces its own heat and keeps a constant body temperature.

True or False? Animals all share a similar development due to the use of similar regulatory genes that are turned "on" and "off" in a similar order.

True

True or False? The gametes from two different species may be incompatible due to enzymes found in the acrosome of the sperm cell not having the ability to digest the jelly layer of the egg cell.

True

A human child that is born with webbing between its toes most likely has a mutation within a _______ gene.

Effector

True or False? All of kingdom fungi forms one, large monophyletic group.

True

Saprophytic

Certain species of fungi can break down dead plant material by digesting cellulose.

Mycorrhizal

Mutualistic relationships can form between fungi and the roots of plants to provide nutrients to each organism that each would not be able to obtain on their own.