McCance Chapter 39: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Anorexia

Lack of appetite

Anuria

Urinating less than 50ml/day

Azotemia

Increased nitrogenous waste (urea) and frequently creatinine levels in the blood

Backleak

Glomerulat filtration rate remains normal but tubular reabsoprtion is accelerated

Calcium oxalate or phosphate

Salts that cause 70-85% of urinary calculi

Calculi

Stones usually formed of mineral salts (calcium oxalate and phsophate) and found in the kidney, or urinary bladder.

Creatinine

Metabolite of a protein found in muscle occurring in urine or blood

Crystallization

Precipitation of a salt from liquid to solid state

Cystinuric stone

A congenital condition that causes elevated levels of the amino acid cystine that appears in the urine and may create renal stones.

Cystitis

Bladder inflammation

Cystocele

Downward protrusion of the bladder into the vagina

Detrusor hyperreflexia

Overactive bladder

Detrusor areflexia

Underactive bladder

Dyssynergia

Loss of coordinated neuromuscular contraction, bladder and sphincter are contracting at the same time

Dysuria

Discomfort or burning with urination

End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

Glomerular filtration rate is zero, severe uremia and water, electrolyte and acid-base imbalances

Glomerulonephritis

An autoimmune or infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli that may not produce symptoms or may present with hematuria and proteinuria.

Glomerulosclerosis

Fibrosis or hardening of the glomeruli

Hematuria

Blood in urine

Hydronephrosis

Enlargement of the renal pelvis and pelvicaliceal

Hydroureter

Dilation of the ureter

Hypotonic

Loss of muscle tone

Incontinence

Lack of voluntary control over urination or defecation.

Lipiduria

Presence of fat in the urine

Lithotripsy

A treatment, using ultrasound shock waves or lasers, by which a kidney stone or other calculus is broken into small particles that can be passed out by the body

Nephrolithiasis

The process of forming a kidney stone, a stone in the kidney (or lower down in the urinary tract)

Nephrolithotomy

Surgical procedure to remove kidney stones

Neurogenic bladder

Dysfunction of the urinary bladder associated with disease of the CNS or PNS pathways involved in the control of micturition

Nocturia

Abnormally excessive urination at night

Oliguria

Urinating less than 30ml/hour

Postobstructive diuresis

Elevated urine output occurring after surgery to remove an obstruction caused by the inability of the renal tubules to reabsorb water and electrolytes normally.

Pyelonephritis

Bacterial infection of the urinary system that has extended through the urethra, bladder, ureters and into the renal pelvis causing abdominal or back pain, fever, malaise, nausea, and vomiting.

Reduced Renal Reserve

Glomerular filtration rate has been reduced to 50%

Renal adenomas

Benign tumor of glandular origin that can become malignant

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

A malignancy arising from the renal tubule that produces hematuria, flank pain, and an abdominal mass.

Renal colic

A tiny stone passing through the ureter produces intermittent but very severe abdominal pain that begins in the flank or upper abdomen and travels down to the lower abdomen and possibly radiating into the pubic region or into the penis or testis in men.

Renal failure

Stage of chronic kidney disease that is characterized by a glomerular filtration rate between 10 and 20% of normal values.

Renal insufficiency

Glomerular filtration rate of 25% of normal, serum creatinine and urea are mildly elevated

Stasis

A cessation of urine flow

Stress incontinence

Urinating after sneezing or coughing

Struvite

Kidney stones comprised of magnesium ammonium phosphate

Supersaturation

Presence of a salt in a higher concentration than the volume able to dissolve the salt

Tubulointerstitial fibrosis

Accumulated extracellular matrix proteins, indicating chronic renal disease, normal aging of the kidney, or chronic allograft nephropathy.

Uremia

Accumulation of waste products in blood normally excreted in the kidney

Uremic fetor

A urine-like odor on the breath of a person

Uremic frost

Powdery deposits of urea and uric acid salts on the skin especially the face associated with severe uremia

Uremic encephalopathy

Alterations in cognitive functions from accumulation of toxins with acute or chronic kidney failure

Ureterohydronephrosis

Dilation of both ureter and pelvicaliceal system

Ureteroscopy

Examination of the upper urinary tract performed with an endoscope

Urethral stricture

Narrowing of the lumen of the tube connecting the bladder to the external genitals

Uric acid

Product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides

Urolithiasis

Stone formation in the bladder or urinary tract

Urothelial carcinoma

Cancer originating from transitional epithelium

Versicoureteral reflux

Abnormal flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters or kidneys