Chapter 13 & 14: Peripheral Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System

Endoneurium

The delicate areolar connective tissue wrapping around each individual axon

Perineurium

The dense irregular connective tissue wrapping around each nerve fascicle

Epineurium

The dense irregular connective tissue wrapping around the entire spinal nerve

Myelin sheath

The protective layer of fat and protein that wraps around axon; speeds up message transmission

Meninges

Three layers of connective tissue that surrounds the CNS and provides it with protection, cushioning, and support

Pia mater

The innermost meninx layer composed of delicate connective tissue; contains many tiny blood vessels and clings to the CNS like plastic wrap

Arachnoid mater

The middle, web-like meninx layer that forms a loose covering; helps hold the cerebrospinal fluid around the CNS

Subarachnoid space

The space beneath the arachnoid mater that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid; cushions the CNS, absorbs shocks, circulates nutrients, and rids of any wastes

Dura mater

The tough, outermost meninx layer; acts as a strong shield for the CNS

Name all of the cranial nerves & it’s corresponding roman numeral in order from 1-12

1. Olfactory (I)

2. Optic (II)

3. Oculomotor (III)

4. Trochlear (IV)

5. Trigeminal (V)

6. Abducens (VI)

7. Facial (VII)

8. Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

9. Glossopharyngeal (IX)

10. Vagus (X)

11. Accessory (XI)

12. Hypoglossal (XII)

Name the general function of the olfactory nerve [Sensory/Motor/Mixed]

Sensory

Name the general function of the optic nerve [Sensory/Motor/Mixed]

Sensory

Name the general function of the oculomotor nerve [Sensory/Motor/Mixed]

Motor

Name the general function of the trochlear nerve [Sensory/Motor/Mixed]

Motor

Name the general function of the trigeminal nerve [Sensory/Motor/Mixed]

Mixed

Name the general function of the abducens nerve [Sensory/Motor/Mixed]

Motor

Name the general function of the facial nerve [Sensory/Motor/Mixed]

Mixed

Name the general function of the vestibulocochlear nerve [Sensory/Motor/Mixed]

Sensory

Name the general function of the glossopharyngeal nerve [Sensory/Motor/Mixed]

Mixed

Name the general function of vagus nerve [Sensory/Motor/Mixed]

Mixed

Name the general function of accessory nerve [Sensory/Motor/Mixed]

Motor

Name the general function of hypoglossal nerve [Sensory/Motor/Mixed]

Motor

Name the 4 nerve plexuses

1. Cervical

2. Brachial

3. Lumbar

4. Sacral

What region(s) does the cervical nerve plexus innervate?

The diaphragm

What region(s) does the brachial nerve plexus innervate?

The arms and shoulders

What region(s) does the lumbar nerve plexus innervate?

The front of the leg and thigh

What region(s) does the sacral nerve plexus innervate?

The back of the leg and foot

What major nerves originate from the cervical nerve plexus?

Phrenic nerves

What major nerves originate from the brachial nerve plexus?

Axillary, musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial nerves

What major nerves originate from the lumbar nerve plexus?

Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, lateral femoral cutaneous, femoral, obturator, saphenous, and genitofemoral nerves

What major nerves originate from the sacral nerve plexus?

Pedunal, sciatic, tibial, common fibualr, and posterior femoral cutaneous nerves

Sensory receptor

Responds to stimulus

Stimulus

Any change in the environment that triggers a response

Sensory neuron

Carries signal through the dorsal root ganglion and into the posterior horn of the spinal cord

Interneuron

The single synapse between the sensory and motor neurons; process information

Motor neuron

Carries response from the anterior horn, through the ventral root, and into the spinal nerve

Effector

The muscle or gland that responds to produce the reflex

List the functions of the autonomic nervous system

1. Controls viscera; smooth/cardiac muscle and glands

2. Unconscious and involuntary

3. Releases either Acetylcholine (ACh) or Norepinephrine (NE)

4. Stimulates/inhibits

Sympathetic division

“Fight-or-flight” — Heart rate and blood pressure increase

Dilates pupils, airways, vessels to skeletal muscles, hearts, liver, & adipose tissue

Constricts the blood vessels to nonessential organs

Mobilizes nutrients for energy (glucose & fats)

Parasympathetic division

“Rest-and-digest” — Heart rate and blood pressure decreases/returns to normal

• SLUDD

  • Salivation

  • Lacrimation

  • Urination

  • Digestion

  • Defecation

Collateral ganglia

Ganglia in the sympathetic division; unpaired & anterior to the spinal cord

Terminal ganglia

Ganglia in the parasympathetic division; nearby/within the walls of the organ it serves

Sympathetic ganglia

Ganglia in the sympathetic division; is unpaired and located besides the spinal cord