Studied by 1 personsociology
scientific study of social interaction and social structure
society
aggregate of ppl living together in an ordered community
4 factors that led to birth of sociology
american rev., french rev., industrial rev., enlightenment
Harriet Martineau
translated Auguste Comte’s work from French to English
define social drawinism
evolutionary social change (survival of the fittest)
what was durkheim studying when he introduced the use of statistical techniques
suicide
what did Karl Marx believe was the root of all evil
capitalism
define verstehen. who came up with it?
putting yourself into other’s shoes (empathy) ; Max Weber
what was hull house and who co-founded it?
a place for people who needed refuge; Jane Addams
what was the Pan-African movement; which sociologist was very active in it?
rights of ALL African descendants; WEB DuBois
social statics vs. social dynamics
statics - study of social stability
dynamics - study of how a society changes
functionalism
ALL aspects of society serve a purpose for survival of a society
what is the conflict perspective
conflict, competition, and change
content analysis
counting the amount of times a particular idea, word, phrase, symbol, or event appear in a given context
define historical analysis
examines materials from the past that contain sociological interest
how do overt(participant) and covert observations differ
overt - when participants are AWARE of being observed
covert- UNAWARE
what does the hypothesis of linguistic relativity state
language determines thought
which type of norm has a moral significance
mores
which type of norms are similar to customs
folkways
which type of norms sees its violation as a danger to the culture
taboo
sanctions
punishments for disobeying orders
how do formal sanctions differ from informal sanctions?
formal - enforced by law and people of authority ; informal - enforced by whomever or crows of people
how to positive sanctions differ from negative sanctions?
positive - promised rewards ; negative - threatened punishments
what are values
shared beliefs about what is good or bad; communicate values through language or symbols
discovery
finding something new that already exists
invention
creating something totally new
diffusion
the process through which elements of culture spread from one society or cultural group to another
counterculture
a subculture that deliberately/consciously opposes beliefs of the dominant culture
subculture
part of the dominant culture that differs in some aspects
what is enthrocentricism? is it positive, negative, or both?
judging others in terms of one’s own cultural standards; both positive and negative
cultural relativism
the idea that a person’s beliefs, values, or practices should be understood through that person’s own culture and not judged against the criteria of another
6 reasons why cultures change
ideology, technology, diffusion, population, physical environment, and wars
4 factors that shape a person’s personality
heredity, birth order, cultural environment, and paraents’ characteristics
a characteristic of the oldest, middle, and youngest child
oldest - leader
middle - independent
youngest - childish
role vs. status
role - behavior
status - describes a role
ascribed status
status that you are born with
ex; daughter
achieved status
earned status
ex; teacher
oldest type of society
huntering-gathering
what society are we in now
post-industrial
a characteristic of the post-industrial society
white-collar jobs
what is the difference between an aggregate and a group?
aggregate - people in the same area joined by group proximity
group - a mass of people working together to achieve goals
what type of group includes family and close friends?
primary group
what type of group is exclusive and requires extreme loyalty from its members?
in-groups
social exchange vs. cooperation
SE - do something for someone because you wish for something in return
cooperation - 2 or more individuals working together to achieve a common goal
who did the famous conformity line study? what were his findings?
Soloman Asch; 37/50 conformed to wrong answers
who coined the term “group-think” and what does it mean?
Irving Janis; practice of making decisions as a group that discourages creativity (more negative)
bystander effect
ppl. are less likely to help when others are present
diffusion of responsibilty
ppl. are less likely to act when someone needs help when others are present (but more likely to help in smaller groups)
6 degrees of seperation
all people are connected by 6 people or less
deviance
behavior that departs from social norms
how can deviance be positive
increases unity within a society and promotes needed social change
who developed the strain theory of deviance? what does it state?
Robert Merton; deviance is a result of tensions or strains experienced by people because of their position in the social structure
which theory states that deviance is learned
differential association theory
how does the conflict theory explain deviance
deviant behaviors are actions that do not go along with social institutions
difference between primary and secondary deviance
primary - commit deviant acts without knowing
secondary - internalizing the label society has given you (ex; you are labeled as a thief so you continue stealing)
purpose of the UCR
to generate a reliable set of criminal date for use in law-based operations
who does the UCR report its crimes to?
the FBI
victimless crime
prostitution
murder vs. manslaughter
murder - intentional
manslaughter - unintentional
an example of white-collar crimes
embezzlement
what is the term for a large crime syndicate that uses legitimate businesses for illegal activity
the mafia
4 methods of controlling crime
retribution - punishment for purposes of revenge or repaying for a wrongdoing)
incarceration - imprisonment
rehabilitation
deterrence -discouraging an action through fear of consequence
what form of execution is used in Texas?
lethal injection
5 methods of execution permissible in the United States
electrocution, lethal injection, gas chamber, firing squad, and hanging
what is the recidivism rate?
the amount of ppl. who have relapsed to criminal or negative behavior after already being punished or incarcerated for it
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