History vocab

Calvinism

A Protestant Faith founded by John Calvin that emphasizes predestination and a strict moral code

Anabaptist

 a Christian group that believed only adults should be baptized and rejected infant baptism

Huldrych Zwingli

a Swiss reformer who led the Reformation in Zurich and promoted ideas similar to Martin Luther's

Elizabeth I

 the Queen of England who established the Anglican church in Brought religious stability to her country

Presbyterian

 a Protestant Church governed by elders and influenced by calvinist beliefs, founded by John Knox in Scotland

John Calvin

 a French reformer who developed calvinism, teaching predestination and disciplined, godly life

Theocracy

A government ruled by religious leaders or based on religious laws

Martin Luther

a German monk who started the Protestant Reformation by challenging the Catholic Church's practices

Excommunication

the official exclusion of someone from participation in the church and its sacraments

Henry VIII

 the English king who broke away from the Catholic church and created the Church of England 

Vernacular

The native language or dialect spoken by ordinary people, as opposed to a formal or classical language

Renissance

a period of European cultural, artistic, and intellectual "rebirth" from roughly the 14th to the 17th century, following the Middle Ages

Secularism

the principle of separating religion from state and public institutions, emphasizing a society governed by reason and human rights rather than religious authority

Humanism

philosophical and intellectual movement that emphasizes human beings, their potential, and their achievements

Utopia

The term "utopia" originated with Sir Thomas More's 1516 book, "Utopia", which describes a fictional, ideal island society

Predistation

a theological doctrine asserting that God has predetermined the fate of individuals, particularly regarding their eternal salvation

Lutherans

a major branch of Protestantism that originated in 16th-century Germany with Martin Luther's protests against the Catholic Church

Council of Trent

an important ecumenical council of the Catholic Church held from 1545 to 1563 that responded to the Protestant Reformation

Renaissance Man

an individual who is highly skilled and knowledgeable in many different fields, embodying the Renaissance-era ideal of humanism

Indulgences

a remission of the temporal punishment for sins granted by the Catholic Church through the power of the papacy

Protestants

Christians who broke away from the Roman Catholic Church during the 16th-century Reformation and their descendants

Anglican

a branch of Christianity that began in 16th-century England during the English Reformation when King Henry VIII broke from the Roman Catholic Church

Edict of Worms

a decree issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V on May 25, 1521, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw and a heretic for refusing to recant his views

Peace of Augsburg

This allowed the ruler of a territory to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as the official religion, with subjects expected to follow their ruler's faith or be allowed to emigrate

Act of supremacy

a 1534 English law that declared King Henry VIII the "Supreme Head of the Church of England," effectively severing ties with the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope's authority

Annul

to officially declare a law, treaty, or other official agreement invalid, canceling its validity or put aside

Recant

to publicly withdraw or disavow a previously held statement, opinion, or belief, often due to pressure, coercion, or a change of heart

Patrons of the Art

a wealthy individual, family, or institution that provides financial and other support to artists, writers, and scholars

Perspective

the "point of view" from which historical events are interpreted, shaped by an individual's or group's unique beliefs, experiences, and social context

Hundred Years’ War

a long series of conflicts between England and France over control of the French crown

Constantinople

the capital city of the Roman Empire, then the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire for over a thousand years, before becoming the capital of the Ottoman Empire

The Classics

the academic discipline of studying ancient Greece and Rome, known as classical antiquity

Gutenberg

Johannes Gutenberg was a German inventor from the 15th century credited with introducing the mechanical movable-type printing press to Europe

Machiavelli

Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat, philosopher, and writer during the Renaissance, known as one of the founders of modern political science for his pragmatic analysis of power. He is most famous for his book The Prince

The Prince

The Prince is a political treatise by Niccolò Machiavelli, written in 1513, that serves as a guide for rulers on acquiring and maintaining power

Medici

The Medici were a powerful Italian banking and political dynasty that ruled Florence for centuries, becoming instrumental in the Italian Renaissance through their patronage of arts and culture

Erasmus

Erasmus (c. 1466–1536) was a Dutch Catholic priest, social critic, and scholar who was a leading figure of the Northern Renaissance and a key influence on the Protestant Reformation

Thomas More

Sir Thomas More – The Freelance History WriterSir Thomas More was an English lawyer, statesman, and Renaissance humanist, best known for his book Utopia.

John Knox

John Knox was a 16th-century Scottish clergyman, reformer, and the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland

Ignatius of Loyola

Ignatius of Loyola was a Spanish knight whose life was transformed by a cannonball injury in 1521, leading him to a profound spiritual conversion during his recovery

Leonardo DaVinci

Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian Renaissance polymath known for masterpieces like the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper"

Michelangelo

Italian Renaissance artist renowned as a sculptor, painter, architect, and poet

Emperor Charles V

Emperor Charles V was a 16th-century ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Spain who presided over a vast empire in Europe and the Americas

Martin Luther

Emperor Charles V was a 16th-century ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Spain who presided over a vast empire in Europe and the Americas

Pope Leo X

Pope Leo X, born Giovanni de' Medici, was a Renaissance pope who reigned from 1513 to 1521, known for his patronage of the arts and his extravagant lifestyle, which led to the depletion of the papal treasury

Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Aragon was the first wife of Henry VIII, a Spanish princess

Ann Boleyn

Anne Boleyn was the second wife of King Henry VIII, who played a crucial role in the English Reformation and was queen for three years (1533–1536) before being executed on trumped-up charges of adultery, incest, and treason

Edward VI

Edward VI was the son of Henry VIII who became king of England at age nine and reigned from 1547 until his death in 1553