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Geology

Study of Earth's physical structure and processes.

Uniformitarianism

Principle stating present processes explain past events.

Imperial Conversion

System of measurements used in the U.S.

Metric Conversion

System of measurements based on meters and liters.

Lithosphere

Rigid outer layer of the Earth.

Asthenosphere

Semi

Mesosphere

Middle layer of Earth's interior.

Outer Core

Liquid layer surrounding the inner core.

Inner Core

Solid, dense center of the Earth.

Crust

Thin outer layer of the Earth.

Mantle

Thick layer between crust and core.

Core

Innermost layer of the Earth.

Oceanic Crust

Denser, thinner crust beneath oceans.

Continental Crust

Thicker, less dense crust beneath continents.

Mantle Convection

Movement of mantle material due to heat.

Subduction

One plate moves under another, sinking.

Rifting

Process where tectonic plates move apart.

Orogeny

Mountain

Intraplate Volcanism

Volcanic activity within tectonic plates.

Divergent Boundary

Plates move apart, creating new crust.

Convergent Boundary

Plates collide, causing subduction or uplift.

Transform Boundary

Plates slide past each other horizontally.

Mid

ocean Ridge

Hot Spot Volcano

Volcano formed over a stationary mantle plume.

Sea Mount

Underwater mountain rising from the ocean floor.

Passive Margin

Transition between oceanic and continental crust.

Mineral

Naturally occurring inorganic solid with a defined structure.

Color

Visual appearance of a mineral.

Luster

Mineral's surface shine, metallic or nonmetallic.

Streak

Color of a mineral in powdered form.

Crystal Form

Natural geometric shape of a crystal.

Cleavage

Mineral breaks along smooth planes.

Fracture

Mineral breaks unevenly in random directions.

Hardness

Resistance of a mineral to scratching.

Smell

Distinctive odor of certain minerals.

Taste

Flavor characteristic of some minerals.

Feel

Texture sensation of a mineral.

Writes

Ability of graphite to leave marks.

Effervescence

Fizzing reaction with hydrochloric acid.

Magnetism

Property of attracting magnetic materials.

Specific Gravity

Density comparison of a mineral to water.

Twinning

Crystals growing interlinked with one another.

Lamellae

Thin layers within a crystal structure.

Striations

Parallel lines on a mineral's surface.

Iridescence

Color play effect in light on minerals.

Ooids

Small, rounded grains formed in sediment.

Nodules

Larger, pea

Magma

Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.

Lava

Magma that reaches Earth's surface.

Intrusive Rock

Formed from magma cooling underground.

Extrusive Rock

Formed from lava cooling above ground.

Plutonic

Relating to intrusive igneous rock.

Volcanic

Relating to extrusive igneous rock.

Concordant Intrusion

Intrusion parallel to existing rock layers.

Discordant Intrusion

Intrusion cutting across existing rock layers.

Explosive Eruption

Violent volcanic eruption expelling ash and gas.

Effusive Eruption

Gentle eruption producing lava flows.

Bowen's Reaction Series

Sequence of mineral crystallization from magma.

Ultramafic

Igneous rock with less than 45% silica.

Mafic

Igneous rock with 45

Intermediate

Igneous rock with 55

Felsic

Igneous rock with more than 65% silica.

Viscosity

Resistance of a fluid to flow.

Phaneritic

Coarse

Porphyritic

Mixed grain sizes in igneous rocks.

Aphanitic

Fine

Vesicular

Rock texture with gas bubbles.

Glassy

Smooth, shiny texture in igneous rocks.

Pegmatitic

Very coarse

Pyroclastic

Composed of volcanic ash and debris.

Shield Volcano

Broad, gently sloping volcano from low

Stratovolcano

Tall, layered volcano from alternating eruptions.

Caldera

Large depression formed after a volcanic eruption.

Fissure

Crack in the Earth's surface for lava flow.

Cinder Cone

Small, steep

Lava Dome

Mound formed by slow lava extrusion.

Maar

Volcanic crater formed by explosive eruption.

Dikes

Vertical intrusions of magma into rock.

Sills

Horizontal intrusions of magma between layers.

Stocks

Small, irregularly shaped intrusive bodies.

Batholiths

Large, deep