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Regulative Norms

shape the identity and interests of actors, and help define what counts as legitimate action, rules regulate already existing activities and thus shape the rules of the game

Constitutive Norms

define the game and its activities, shape the identity and interests of actors, and help define what counts as legitimate action

International Organization

any institution with formal procedures and formal membership from three or more countries. the minimum number of countries is set at three rather than two, because multilateral relationships have significantly greater complexity than bilateral relationships. there are three types of international organizations - intergovernmental, NGO, hybrid

Non-governmental Organizations

international organization in which membership is open to transnational actors. there are many different types, with member ship from 'nation' NGOs, local NGOs, companies, political parties, of individuals. it can have mixed membership structures.

regimes

a set of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given area of international relations. neorealist assume that regimes are created and maintained by a dominant state and that the participation in the regimes is the result of a rational cost-benefit calculations by each state. pluralists stress the independent impact of the institutions, the importance of leadership, the involvement of transnational NGOs and companies, and processes of cognitive change, such as growing concern about human rights or the environment.

natural law

the political philosophy that retain rights and values are inherent by by virtue of being a human being

positive law

general command issued by the sovereign of an independent political society to some or all the members of the society; contractual law

customary law

law based on tradition and the customary practices of traditional societies; usually passed on orally between generations

"jus gentium"

example- diplomatic immunity

diplomatic immunity

principle of international law by which certain foreign government officials are not subject to the jurisdiction of local courts and other authorities for both their official and personal activities

persona non grata

status applied by a host country to foreign diplomats to remove their protection of diplomatic immunity from arrest

geneva conventions

series of treaties and protocols that establish international legal standards for humanitarian treatment in war.

the treaties of the hague

two international peace conferences in 1899 and 1907 that extended the European concert system to all sovereign states and enacted new bureaucratic methods for conference diplomacy including arbitration procedures for conflict resolution

the nuremberg trials

after WWII, the series of 13 military tribunals in which Germany peoples were tired for war crimes

universal declaration of human rights

the principal normative document of the global human rights regime. adopted by the United Nations general assembly in 1948 it provides a comprehensive list of interdependent and indivisible human rights that are accepted as authoritative by most states and other international actors

the international criminal court

institution based in Hague, Netherlands that tries individuals accused of committing war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity

UN General Assembly (UNGA)

the main representative body of the UN composed of all 192 member states where each state has one vote

primary forum for discussion of global issues budget disputes, overloaded agenda

UN Security Council (UNSC)

a 15-member council that carries the primary UN responsibilities for peace, security, and collective security operations

organizes collective security operations, dispatches peacekeeping missions, imposes sanctions to punish aggressors, deals with negotiations and crisis management secretariat and secretary-general; five permanent members

the 5 permanent members of the UNSC

United States, United Kingdom, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian Federation), 4th French Republic, Republic of China (Peoples Republic of China)

(U.N.) Peace Keeping Operations

Conclusion of conflict; combatants agreed to end fighting and invite outside actors in; reduce incident of wars re-starting

- "blue helmets" official U.N. members, physically separate parties, create buffer zones

dispatched at the invitation of parties

primary mission is to separate armed combatants

three types - observer, peacekeeping, and peace enforcement missions

1957 Treaties of Rome

established the European Economic Community (ECC)

the G7

Group of seven leading industrial countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States

conducts semi-formal collaboration on world economic problems, government leaders meet in annual summits while finance ministers periodically hold other consultations

the G20

forum through which major nations tried to launch a coordinated policy response to the 2008-2009 global financial crisis

major advanced and emerging economies discuss global financial and economic matters

1994 US intervention in Haiti

"Operation Uphold Democracy"

Military intervention designed to remove the Haitian regime

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to help the Afghan communist government crush anticommunist Muslim guerrillas; anti communist guerrillas received support from US and GB; USSR withdrew→ communist party remained in power

Warrior Refugees

1948 Arab-Israeli War

It was fought over the disputed land of Palestine and culminated in a Jewish victory. Referred to in Israel as the War of Independence, the war was a response by neighboring Arab nations to Israel's declaration of independence on May 14, 1948. The war ended with the establishment of the Jewish nation of Israel, and it turned large numbers of Palestinians into refugees from the land of their birth

Armenian Genocide

Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.

1947 Partition

This division of colonial India into two separate countries—

Muslim-dominated Pakistan and Hindu-dominated

India—occurred at the time of independence from Britain

in 1947 at the behest of the All-Indian Muslim League, led

by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The partition prompted millions

to migrate from India to Pakistan, or vice versa, based on religion. T

his mass migration led to hundreds of thousands

of deaths due to violence between Hindus and Muslims.

Tensions between India and Pakistan remain, as exemplified

by clashes over the disputed territory of Kashmir.

1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees

defines a refugee as a person outside his or her country owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, or membership of a particular social group or political organization

Non-refoulment

the practice of not forcing refugees or asylum seekers to return to a country in which they are liable to be subjected to persecution

UN High Commissioner for Refugees

Established in 1950.

Provides protection and assistance to refugees.

It also protects stateless persons/works to prevent/reduce statelessness.

Acts as a global cluster lead in these areas - e.g. camp co-ordination; emergency shelters.

The Schengen Zone

area comprising 27 European countries that have abolished all passport and border control at mutual borders

The Dublin Accord on Refugees

requires asylum seekers to request asylum at the first European nation they arrive in without choice

Arab Spring

A series of public protests, strikes, and rebellions in the Arab countries, often facilitated by social media, that have called for fundamental government and economic reforms.

UN Human Rights Commission

the commission that drafted and implements the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Amnesty International

An influential nongovernmental organization that operates globally to monitor and try to rectify glaring abuses of political (not economic or social) human rights

Human Rights Watch

advocate group that looks to bring bring human rights to countries around the world. They bring information to public eye and hope to persuade the public to pressure for change.

Augusto Pinochet

Chilean militar leader who in a coup deposed Salvador Allende - communist, elected leader - created one party rule dictatorship - ruled w/ iron fist - human rights abuses

The Burqa Ban

France banned the wearing of the burqa in 2010 in the name of equality within French society; violation of human rights and enforcement of gender, racial, and cultural stereotypes

Asian Values Debate

The Asian values debate refers to what is defined as a human right and how what one might classify as a human right can differ from country to country and region to region. Based on cultural differences, the Asian values debate claims that western human rights simply cannot be exported to Asian countries and be expected to work. Asian countries value order, hierarchy and community over a western vale for individuality.

Helsinki Accords

The Final Act of the Helsinki conference in 1975 in which the thirty-five nations participating agreed that Europe's existing political frontiers could not be changed by force. They also solemnly accepted numerous provisions guaranteeing the human rights and political freedoms of their citizens.

Greenhouse Effect

the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.

Biodiversity

the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

The Stag Hunt

A commonly used parable that demonstrates how the interdependence of actions and choices affects collective efforts to attain a goal.

Tragedy of the Commons

a parable that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole

Sustainable Development Goals

a set of 17 goals that comprise an international agenda for reducing poverty and economic inequality and improving lives

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

a 1992 plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2000 by a voluntary, nation-by-nation approach

Conference of the Parties (COP)

the decision-making body responsible for monitoring and reviewing the implementation of the UNFCCC. It brings together the 197 nations and territories - called Parties - that have signed on to the Framework Convention.

Montreal Protocol

meeting in 1987 where a group of nations met in Canada and agreed to phase-out of ozone depleting substances

Kyoto Protocol

an amendment to the international treaty on climate change designed to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by specific countries

2015 Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance, signed in 2016.

Climate Mitigation

any action taken to permanently eliminate or reduce the long-term risk and hazards of climate change to human life, property, or the environment

climate adaptation

refers to the ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variability and extremes) to moderate potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences.

T.R. Malthus

proposed that population size is kept in check by the limited availability of resources AND influenced the development of Darwin's theory of natural selection

population growth naturally outstrips the growth in food production; a cycle continues until there is no more food left and starvation reduces the population back down again

Greenpeace

an NGO that works for environmental conservation and the preservation of endangered species

Epistemic Community

community of experts and technical specialists who share a set of beliefs and a way to approach problems

Millenium Development Goals (MDGs)

target-based, time-limited commitments in the UN Millennium Declaration 2000 to improve eight areas: poverty and hunger, primary education, gender equality, child mortality, maternal health, tackling diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria, environmental sustainability, and partnership working

gini coefficient

a summary measure of income inequality; incorporates the detailed shares data into a single statistic, which summarizes the dispersion of income across the entire income distribution

civil society

society created when citizens are allowed to organize and express their views publicly as they engage in an open debate about public policy

Modernization Theory

Rostow penned his classic Stages of Economic Growth in 1960, which presented five steps through which all countries must pass to become developed:

1) traditional society

2) preconditions to take-off

3) take-off

4) drive to maturity

5) age of high mass consumption

Washington Consensus

An array of policy recommendations generally advocated by developed-country economists and policy makers starting in the 1980s, including trade liberalization, privatization, openness to foreign investment, and restrictive monetary and fiscal policies.

- maintenance of fiscal discipline

- reordering of public expenditure priorities

tax reform

- maintenance of positive real interest rates

- maintenance of competitive exchange rates

- trade liberalization

- elimination of barriers to foreign direct investment

- privatization of state-owned enterprises

- deregulation of the economy

- enforcement of property rights