S-ITCS329 - MODULE 1

Ethics

Standards for evaluating conduct

Ethics

They determine proper and improper courses of action and indicate that only the proper courses should be followed

Ethical theory

provides a basis for all these things. It "provides a framework for (1) getting at the underlying rationale of moral arguments, (2) classifying and understanding various arguments, and (3) most importantly, defending a conclusion about what is right or wrong." (Johnson 6)

Ethical theory

________________ should be the basis of all human action

Rules

_______ in society must be justified, and it is ethical theory that both provides the rules and the justification because the aim of an ethical theory is "." find the basis for saying that people have an obligation to behave in a certain way, or that it is wrong for someone to behave in a certain way

• Integrity.

• Objectivity.

• Professional competence.

• Confidentiality.

• Professional behavior.

Codes of Ethics in IT

sufficient

Why is ethical theory absolutely necessary?

Because general rules are not always ________, moral decisions must be justified, and conventional morality is not always correct. (De George 51 - 52)

Good Interpersonal Relationships and Maintaining Social Order

What are the two sub-stages of moral reasoning within the conventional stage

Good Interpersonal Relationship

In this sub-stage, a person's morality is influenced by their desire to receive social approval from others.

Maintaining Social Order

At this stage, individuals begin to give greater consideration to the broader needs of society rather than solely focused on receiving approval from others.

The Teacher's Pet

Conventional Morality Examples

Obtaining the approval of role models is an essential concern

Offering to help at every opportunity or reminding the teacher to collect homework are common behaviors

Pressure to Cheat

Conventional Morality Examples

• Depending on the social group, there may exist a great deal of pressure to cheat on a school exam.

• The consequences of refusing to cheat, or help others cheat, can mean disapproval from valued members of a social group. Non-compliance can lead to being rejected from the group and ostracized by others.

• Individuals are confronted with the conflicting demands of key figures in their life. this stage.

• The approval of parents and key members of a social group are both important. How to resolve the conflict is a common quandary for children in this stage

Exploring Fashion Choices

Conventional Morality Examples

• This can be a time when young boys and girls experiment with different styles of clothing.

• Choices may be questionable

• Dominant influence comes from social groups

Volunteering

Conventional Morality Examples

• There are many ways: working in soup kitchens, animal shelters, or helping the elderly with household chores.

• Helping out because they are passionate about the situation • Helping out because they want to put it on their resume and think it will look good.

• They want to be seen as prosocial (people will see them as a kind and warm-hearted person.)

The Office Brown-Noser

Conventional Morality Examples

• Determining what is right and wrong behavior arises in many work environments.

• One employee that always ignores the unwritten informal rules that everyone else accepts, and instead chooses to engage in a behavior they believe will win the boss's approval.

• Case in point: Three employees are conducting an assignment in the field. They finish 30 minutes early, at 4:30. Two of the workers suggest going home instead of taking 20 minutes to drive back to the office and then wait 10 minutes to clock-out. The third worker decides to call the boss to inform her they finished early

Paying Taxes

Conventional Morality Examples

doing this is never pleasant and most people would avoid the grueling process if they could.

From Kohlberg's perspective, it's not the act that counts so much as the reasoning.

• If you do this you don't want to get caught, that's one thing.

Cleaning Trash From The Beach

Conventional Morality Examples

Cleaning up these public areas is a great service for the common good

• Doing something for the broader needs of society

Being A Volunteer Poll Worker

Conventional Morality Examples

• This helps voters during the voting process. They work at a polling station and perform many tasks, such as helping voters check-in, answering questions, issuing ballots, and other tasks that help the voting process function smoothly.

• Being this to help serve the greater good of a democratic society is a noble example of reasoning

Turning In Your Best Friend For Cheating

Conventional Morality Examples

• We can see this play out in a scenario in which one student has discovered that their best friend cheated on entrance exams.

• Doing this can inflict extreme personal damage.

• Not only will the personal relationship be destroyed, but one's reputation in school will also be affected.

• The course of action is clear: The friend must be turned in to maintain the integrity of university education and fair access.

• Maintaining social order takes precedence over personal relationships

Wanting To Become a Police Officer

Conventional Morality Examples

• The teen years often involves dreaming about future careers. Some will want to be models, movie stars or Tik Tok influencers, while others may hope to one day become doctors and lawyers. There can be a variety of motives behind each of those aspirations.

• When a person chooses to put themselves in danger and risk their lives for the good of society, it is an admirable reasoning

Ethical Technology

It is about ensuring there is a moral relationship that exists between technology and users

strong interpersonal skills and code of ethics

IT professionals must develop ____ _________ __________ ___________ and a _______ _____ _______ that will guide them throughout their careers

ethics code

An _____ ______ is particularly important for cybersecurity professionals, who are often tasked with maintaining the security of the information technology systems used by their clients

code of conduct

Cybersecurity professionals must be especially careful to follow the ______ ____ ______ set out by their organization or company to avoid damaging the reputation of the firm they represent.

Two or more

Complex ethical decisions have four basic characteristics:

1. _____ or ____ values are affected by the decision

comparison

Complex ethical decisions have four basic characteristics:

2. A _________ between values is inevitable, such than a greater return to one can be obtained only at a loss to the other

Uncertainty prevails

Complex ethical decisions have four basic characteristics:

3. _________ _______ , meaning that not everything is known about the situation and anticipated consequences cannot be predicted with certainty.

power to make the decision

Complex ethical decisions have four basic characteristics:

4. The __________ ___ _____ ____ ___________ is dispersed over a multitude of individual actors and/or organizational units

CHAPELFIRZ

Mary Guy provides the acronym to recall these values easily

Caring

Values in ethical decision-making (Mary Guy) (CHAPELFIRZ)

Individuals should be treated as ends in themselves, not as means to an end

Honesty

Values in ethical decision-making (Mary Guy) (CHAPELFIRZ)

Truthfulness

Accountability

Values in ethical decision-making (Mary Guy) (CHAPELFIRZ)

Accepting the consequences of one's actions and accepting responsibility for all decisions

Promise Keeping

Values in ethical decision-making (Mary Guy) (CHAPELFIRZ)

Adhering to one's commitments

Pursuit of excellence

Values in ethical decision-making (Mary Guy) (CHAPELFIRZ)

One must strive to be as good as he/she can be

Loyalty

Values in ethical decision-making (Mary Guy) (CHAPELFIRZ)

One must be faithful to all those with whom one deals

Fairness

Values in ethical decision-making (Mary Guy) (CHAPELFIRZ)

Open-mindedness and a willingness to admit error

Integrity

Values in ethical decision-making (Mary Guy) (CHAPELFIRZ)

Use independent judgement, avoid conflicts of interest, and resist economic pressure

Respect for others

Values in ethical decision-making (Mary Guy) (CHAPELFIRZ)

One should recognize each other's rights and respect human dignity

Responsible citizenship

Values in ethical decision-making (Mary Guy) (CHAPELFIRZ)

One's actions should be in accordance with societal values

1. Treat all individuals with fairness

2. Do to others as you would have them do to you

3. Act in such a way that you will produce the maximum good

4. Act in such a way as to work towards general human and social success

4 Principles and rules for ethical decision-making

1. Consider the well-being of others

2. Think as a member of the community

3. Obey the law but do not depend solely upon it

4. Ask, what sort of person would do such a thing

5. Respect the customs of others, but do not compromise your own ethics

5 rules for ethical decision-making can be ascertained

not-> always

Modified True or False

When facing computer dilemmas one should not consider other people involved, the morality of a situation, not just the legality of it, and also one's own integrity

rational and ethical

One should always make both a ______ and _________ decision

True

Modified true or false

It is important that one not disregard ethics in favor of pure rationality because they are two distinct areas, both of which involve decision -making processes

1. Define the problem

2. Identify the goal to be achieved

3. List all possible solutions to the problem

4. Evaluate each alternative to determine which one best meets the requirement of the situation

5. Identify the one course of action that is most likely to produce the desired consequences within the constraints of the situation

6. Make a commitment to the choice and implement it

To make a rational decision, Guy asserts that six steps must be followed:

1. Define the problem

2. Acknowledge the context in which the problem arose in order to identify all stakeholders involved

3. Identify the values that are at stake
4. Select the values that must be maximized

5. Choose the alternative that maximizes the essential values and minimizes as few as possible

6. Assure that the consequences of the decision will be ethical in regard to both its short-term and its long-term consequences

7. Implement the decision

Seven guidelines for making ethical decisions

cultural, social, legal and ethical issues

A framework for ethical analysis

Undergraduates should..........

Understand the basic _____,_______,_____ and _______ _______ inherent in the discipline of computing

individual roles

A framework for ethical analysis

Undergraduates should..........

Understand their ________ _______ in this process

serious questions

A framework for ethical analysis

Undergraduates should..........

Develop the ability to ask _________ _________about the social impact of computing and to evaluate proposed answers to those questions

rational and ethical

One should always make both a ______ and _________ decision

basic legal rights

A framework for ethical analysis

Undergraduates should..........

Be aware of the _______ _________ ________of software and hardware vendors and users

ethical values

A framework for ethical analysis

Undergraduates should..........

Appreciate the ______ _________ that are the basis for those rights

fact

A framework for ethical analysis

Steps for ethical analysis

1. State the ______

stakeholders

A framework for ethical analysis

Steps for ethical analysis

2. List the _______________ in the case to determine who is affected by the action being analyzed

course of action

A framework for ethical analysis

Steps for ethical analysis

3. Consider the ________ _____ __________ the stakeholders have or are considering taking

1. Guidelines

2. Ethical Theory

3. Legal Issues

4. Weigh up the argument rationally

A framework for ethical analysis

Apply the principles pertaining to the

1.

2.

3.

4.

1. Personal Privacy

2. Access Right

3. Harmful Actions

4. Patents

5. Copyright

6. Trade secrets

7. Liability

8. Piracy

Major Ethical Issues in I.T.

1-8.

Cyberattacks

________ are one of the biggest challenges facing IT departments today

data breaches

It has become clear that _______ ________ and cyberattacks are major threats to both individual companies and society as a whole.

proper cybersecurity practices

Maintaining _______ _________ _______ is critical in the IT world, as cybercriminals continue to come up with new methods of hacking into systems and stealing sensitive information.

1. Implement a proper backup strategy

2. Regularly update all of your software

3. Use the latest versions of all of your applications

Steps to protect your clients' data and prevent data breach

1.

2.

3.