Biology- DNA Electrophoresis & Protein Synthesis

Point mutations

occur in only ONE nucleotide

1. Substitution- One base substituted for another

2. deletion or insertion- FRAMESHIFT

Missense mutations

mutation that results in change in amino acid

Nonsense mutations

causes a stop in the middle of sequence

gene mutations

Errors that occur within individual genes

3 types

Chromosomal mutations

Changes in the structure of the chromosome

Somatic mutations

Present in body cell

Germline mutations

present in zygote

can be inherited or spontaneous mutation

p53

tumor suppressor

normal one- WILD type

Transcription

cell makes RNA copy of DNA

Translation

Cell makes protein using mRNA

1. Initiation

2. Elongation

3. Termination

Frameshift mutation

Deletion or insertion of a base

Promoter

indicates the starting point of transcription

Antisense strand

the template DNA strand which is transcribed.

RNA polymerase

synthesizes RNA by following a strand of DNA.

Inversion

Inversion- part of a chromosome breaks off, turns around and reattaches

Translocation

Translocation- Chromosome breaks off and attaches to nonhomologous chromosome

Duplication

Duplication- part of a chromosome breaks off & is incorporated into homologous chromosome

Deletion

Deletion- piece is lost