Anatomy and Physiology Saladin Chapter 2

Major Elements of the human body

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen Nitrogen

Electron

particle with a single negative charge

proton

particle with a single positive charge

Isotopes

differ from one another only in neutronsanion

anion

negative charged gains elelctrons

cation

positive charge loses electrons

Electrolyte

substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity

ionic bond

attraction of a cation to an anion

covalent bonds

formed by the sharing of electrons. ex: water molecule

hydrogen bond

a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative hydrogen atom in other.

blood has a PH of

7.4,

metabolism

all chemical reactions on the body collectively

catabolism

energy releasing decomposition reactions, such reactions break covalent bonds, producing smaller molecules from smaller ones. releasing energy.

anabolism

making process for energy

oxidation

any chemical reaction which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy.

dehydration synthesis

breaks bonds between molecules by removing water from the group

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.

hydrolisis

makes bonds between molecules by adding hydrogen

the breaking of a bond molecule using water

monosaccarides

simple sugars

glucose

fructose

galactose

carbohydrate

hydrophilic organic molecule, sugars and starches

disaccharides

composed of two monosaccharides

sucrose

lactose

maltose

oligosaccharides

chains of three or more monosaccharides

polysaccharides

long chains of 50 or more monosaccharides

glycoprotein

component of the cell surface coat and mucus and other rolls

lipids

hydrophobic organic molecule, composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen

glycolipid

component of the cell surface coat

phospholipids

major component of cell membrane, aids in fat digestion

steroid hormones

chemical messengers between cells

saturated fat is hydrogenated

solid at room temp, bad fat, hydrogen bonds on both sides

unsaturated fat

liquid at room temp good fat, hydrogen bonds on only one side

a fat that has fewer hydrogen atoms because double bonds exist among some of the carbon atoms

amino acids

Building blocks of protein

DNA codes for different ___________________

amino acides

all chemical reactions are controlled by _________________

enzymes

lactose breaks down ________________

lactase

protein functions

structure

communication

membrane transport

catalosis

movement

cell adhesion

enzymes speed up ____________________

chemical reactions

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

how many different amino acids/proteins in our body

20

what is it called when you destroy a chemical structure of a molecule. it cannot go back to its previous state ex egg white in a pan turns white, cannot become liquid again

denature

glycolisis

splitting of sugars

Which stage of glucose metabolism is anaerobic?

nucleic acids

nucleic acids

Contain instructions for cells to carry out functions. Two types are DNA and RNA. CaMp