IB HIstory Latin America Test

3 Economic Causes w/ detail

1. Mercantilism/ restrictive trade policies

   1. Spain enforced Comercio Protegido, forcing colonies to trade only w/ Spain and prohibiting free trade with other nations. This limited profits of local merchants and Creoles.

2. Increase Taxation

   1. The Bourbon reforms introduced new taxes and increased existing ones, such as, alcabala (sales tax). Pressure on Creoles and common people.

3. Royal Monopolies

   1. Spain granted exclusive rights to certain Spanish merchants for goods like tobacco, gunpowder, and salt. Only licensed traders can produce or sell these products.

3 Political Causes w/ detail

1. Centralization of Power

   1. The Bourbon reforms created the Indendancy Systems, giving judicial and executive positions to Spanish-born officials (peninsulares). Governors controlled appointments, reducing Creole influence in government and making them feel marginalized.

2. Audiencias and Lack of Political Voice

   1. Colonial Courts (Audiencias) were dominated by peninsulares, while Creoles could only hold minor roles. 

3. Indian Reforms and Enlightenment influence

   1. Bourbon reforms tried to reorganize indigenous labor or tribute systems (Indian Reforms) often bypassing local Creole authorities. Combined with Enlightenment ideas, John Locke, promoting natural ideas had an impact.

3 Social Causes w/ detail

1. Class Inequality / Rigid Hierarchy

   1. Bourbon Reforms replaced Creole Corregidores with Spanish-born sub delegates, reducing Creole control, causing tension between Creoles and Peninsulares.

2. Indian Reforms

   1. The Indian Reforms aimed to recognize indigenous labor and land use, moving from traditional cash crop systems to state-controlled production. Angered Indigenous communities.

3. Racial Policies

   1. Bourbon Reforms reinforced social hierarchies, limiting opportunities for mulattoes. Caused resentment among non-white populations.

3 Religious Causes w/ detail

1. Expulsion of Jesuits

   1. Bourbon Reforms expelled Jesuits, who had been influential in education, missions, and community services. Since Jesuits often supported Creole interests, their removal angered Creoles.

2. Confiscation of Church Land

   1. Church owned nearly half of the land in Spanish South America. Crown seized land and funds, transferring wealth to the monarchy.

3. Secularization of Education

   1. Crown secularized education by closing church and limiting Clerical influence. Church lost tax exempt status and privileges, shifting the finance burden of colonial administration more heavily onto Creoles.

San Martin Military Contributions

1. Commander of the Army of the Andes

2. Victory Chacabuco

3. Victory Maipú

4. Liberation of Peru

5. Strategist - Andes Mtns

Simon Bolivar Military Contributions

1. Create Liberation Army

2. Guerilla Warfare

3. Crossing the Andes

4. Liberation Campaigns

5. Unification of Rebel Forces

Simon Bolivar Political Contribution

1. Founded Gran Colombia

2. Bolivian Constitution

3. Support for Abolition of Slavery

4. “Cartagena Manifesto”

5. Letter from Jamaica

Simon Bolivar Battles fought

Buyaca - Carabobo - Ayacucho

San Martin Battles

Chacabuco - Maipú

San Martín Political Contributions

1. Established Governance in Cuyo - as Government Intendant

2. Protector of Peru

3. Promote Unity in South America

4. Argentina’s Formal Declaration of Independence

5. Proclamations and decrees as Protector of Peru

O’Higgins Battles

Chacabuco - Maipú

O’Higgins Military Contributions

1. Chilean Patriot Army

2. Alliance with San Martín

3. Victory Chacabuco

4. Victory Maipú

5. Naval Development

O’Higgins Political Contributions

1. Supreme Dictator of Chile

2. Reducing Oligarchy Pride

3. Involved Chilean Congress

4. New Constitution for Chile

5. Admiration of British Constitutional System