Psych Disorders test 5

alogia

A reduction in the amount of speech and/or increased pausing before the initiation of speech.

anhedonia

A reduction in the drive or ability to take the steps or engage in actions necessary to obtain the potentially positive outcome.

Catatonia

Behaviors that seem to reflect a reduction in responsiveness to the external environment.

ex. holding unusual postures for long periods of time or failing to respond to verbal or motor prompts from another person

delusions

False beliefs that are often fixed, hard to change even in the presence of conflicting information, and often culturally influenced in their content.

grandeur delusions

thinking you're unusually powerful

ex. thinking you can control the weather

persecution delusions

believing that people are out to get them

ex. someone is trying to poison them

reference delusions

someone is trying to send you messages

ex. the traffic cones are set up a certain way to convey a message to you

thought insertion delusions

thoughts aren't theirs, they are coming from somewhere else

Disorganized behavior

Behavior or dress that is outside the norm for almost all subcultures.

ex. odd dress, odd makeup, or unusual rituals.

disorganized speech

Speech that is difficult to follow, either because answers do not clearly follow questions or because one sentence does not logically follow from another.

episodic memory

The ability to learn and retrieve new information or episodes in one's life.

flat/blunted affect

A reduction in the display of emotions through facial expressions, gestures, and speech intonation.

functional capacity

The ability to engage in self-care (cook, clean, bathe), work, attend school, and/or engage in social relationships.

hallucinations

Perceptual experiences that occur even when there is no stimulus in the outside world generating the experiences. They can be auditory, visual, olfactory (smell), gustatory (taste), or somatic (touch).

Magnetic resonance imaging

A set of techniques that uses strong magnets to measure either the structure of the brain (e.g., gray matter and white matter) or how the brain functions when a person performs cognitive tasks (e.g., working memory or episodic memory) or other types of tasks.

neurodevelopmental

Processes that influence how the brain develops either in utero or as the child is growing up.

Positron emission tomography

A technique that uses radio-labelled ligands to measure the distribution of different neurotransmitter receptors in the brain or to measure how much of a certain type of neurotransmitter is released when a person is given a specific type of drug or does a particularly cognitive task.

Processing speed

The speed with which an individual can perceive auditory or visual information and respond to it.

psychopathology

Illnesses or disorders that involve psychological or psychiatric symptoms.

working memory

The ability to maintain information over a short period of time, such as 30 seconds or less.

dissociation

a disruption and/or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control and behavior

psychotic disorders

break from reality

forms of dissociation

- failure to recall important autobiographical information

- daydreaming

- experiencing two or more distinct identities that recurrently take control over one's behavior

- feeling as though one is outside of one's body

identity alteration

change in a person's pattern of behavior

derealization

feeling as though things around you aren't real

dissociative amnesia

temporary inability to recall important information about your life

depersonalization

feeling detached or estranged from one's self

identity confusion

uncertainty about who you are as a person (e.g., beliefs, interests, preferences)

avolition

lack of motivation

asociality

lack of desire for relationships (romantic and platonic)

C4 gene

________ gene causes excessive synaptic pruning in schizophrenia

synaptic pruning

getting rid of the connections you're not using

monoamine oxidase

enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters

dopamine

attention, controlling movements, reward processing

norepinephrine

fight or flight, mood regulation, helps store emotionally intense memories

serotonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

GABA

helps calm you and slow you down

glutamate

important for the formation of memories

hippocampus

stores memories, limits stress response

thalamus

relays information to other parts of brain

hypothalamus

helps maintain body temp, regulates motivation for basic things like hunger

amygadala

negative emotions

basal ganglia

important for learning consequences of actions

increase

in bipolar disorders:

_______ in dopamine and norepinephrine activity

decrease

in bipolar disorder:

______ in serotonin and GABA activity

sleep deprivation

- can lead to temp increase in dopamine/norepinephrine

- if you have a genetic vulnerability to a manic episode, this can cause a manic episode to start

Schizoaffective disorder

disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and major mood disorder.

less severe

schizotypal is a _________ version of schizophrenia

pica

person eats things not usually considered food

rumination

someone repeatedly regurgitates undigested or partially digested food from the stomach.

arfid

extremely selective eaters with some having little to no interest in eating food.