Renaissance

Renaissance

Renaissance

Rebirth/revival of art and literature under the influence of the Greeks and Romans. Takes place in the 14th-16th centuries.

Protestant Reformation

a) Martin Luther, Calvinism

b) Anglican Church

The protestant Reformation took place in the 1500's when many religious groups decided to split from the Roman Catholic Church.

a) Martin Luther nailed the "95 Grievances" on the door of the Catholic Church because he had issues with the Pope (Germany- 1534). He used to be a Catholic priest and he founded Lutheranism. Calvinism was created by John Calvin (Switzerland) who was also a Protestant reformer. He emphasizes the sovereignty of Gof and the authority of the Bible.

b) The Anglican Church was created by King Henry VIII. He believed that there is one God who exists eternally in the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Jesus Christ is both God and human.

Albrecht Dürer

a) "The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse"

Albrecht Dürer was a German painter, printmaker, and theorist.

a) It is a painting where there are four riders that symbolize conquest/pestilence, war, famine, and death. They will bring the divine apocalypse upon the world announcing the Last Judgement.

Jan Van Eyck

a) Arnolfi Wedding Portrait

Jan van Eyck was the one that originated visual realism (2D Renaissance art). He used light, color, pictoral space, and oil and wood/canvas/

a) Oil on canvas. Portrait of a man and a woman on the day of their wedding. Neither the man nor the woman show happiness. The dog in the picture is a symbol of fidelity. The man's hand is upward which represents sorrow. His wife may be dying soon as she is pregnant.

Erasmus

"Erasmus of Rotterdam". Wants to revive the classical past.

Shakespeare Sonnet 18

One of his most famous sonnets. Starts off with "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?". It is about praising his lovers beauty and comparing it to a summer's day.

Lorenzo "The Magnificent" Medici

An Italian statesman, banker, and politician from Florence. He sponsored artists like Brunelleschi and Michelangelo.

Pico's Oration

By Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. Encourages people to transcend their nature to become one with God. Philosophy similar to Renaissance humanism.

Machiavelli's "The Prince"

Purpose was to show how someone should rule to have a prosperous state in the midst of political turmoil in Italy. He also wanted to redeem himself in the eyes of Lorenzo Medici.

Ghiberti's "Gates of Paradise"

In Florence,Italy. St. John has panels depicting Biblical scenes from the life of John the Baptists. The 8 lower panels depict 8 virtues: hope, faith, charity, humility, fortitude, temperance, justice, and prudence.

Filippo Brunelleschi

a) Il Duomo: Sta. Maria Del Fiore

Filippo Brunelleschi was the Father of Renaissance architecture. He was an Italian architect, designer, and sculptor.

a) Located in Florence Cathedral. 376 ft. Has an ovular dome. Took 16 years to make. It is the largest masonry vault in the world.

Josqiun des Prez

Composer of Renaissance music. Made polyphonic vocal music. "Ave Maria".

Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi

"Principe della Musica". Part of the Counter-Reformation. Influenced Roman Catholic Church music. Composed Pope Marcellus Mass- Kyrie (1562). It is a capella, has ambiguous rhythm, and it is polyphonic (6 melodies).

Botticelli, Sandro

a) La Primavera

b) Birth of Venus

Sandro Botticelli was an Italian painter.

a) Created with tempera paint. Depicts themes of love and marriage, sensuality, and fertility. Greek gods are shown.

b) Goddess Venus arriving at the shore after her birth, when she emerged from the sea fully-grown. We see nudity in the paintings again.

Donatello's David

Sculpture of David (killed the Goliath). He is a religious character. Made out of bronze.

Michelangelo

a) Pieta

b) David

c) St. Peter's Dome

d) Sistine Chapel Ceiling

e) The Last Judgement

Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.

a) Mary holding Jesus after he was crucified. Triangular composition (Holy trinity, symmetry). There are some contradictions like how Mary looks calm and young and she is 7 ft tall. Her left hand is upward which represents sorrow. Mary is being idealized.

b) It is the statue of a shepherd who fought the Goliath. It is made of marble and it is 17 ft tall.

c) Pope Paul III appointed him to make the dome. It is the tallest dome in the world.

d) Painted in fresco. Creation of Adam in the center. This is a revival of humanism. Commissioned by Pope Julius.

e) Commissioned by Pope Paul III. All figures painted in the nude. He paints himself as St. Bartholomew. This fresco is a depiction of the Second Coming of Christ.

Baldassare Castiglione

Italian courtier, diplomat, and soldier. Wrote the Book of the Courtier, a courtesy book dealing with questions of the etiquette and morality of the courtier.

Leonardo da Vinci

a) Virgin of the Rocks

b) Mona Lisa

c) Last Supper

Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian artist, scientist, engineer, and mathematician.

a) Technique used is triangular composition. Depicts the apocryphal legend of the meeting in the wilderness between young John the Baptists and Jesus returning home from Egypt.

b) Portrait of woman. Uses triangular composition.

c) Painting of Jesus and his disciples in their last dinner.

Raphael's "School of Athens"

Painting of Greek philosophers. Plato and Aristotle are at the center.

Titian's "Venus of Urbino"

Oil painting by the Italian painter Titian. Little dog representing fidelity. Girl rummaging dresser represents maternity omen.