Microbio Exam 2

Flagella/Cilia

Protein microtubule extensions of the plasma membrane

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Aid in movement of simple organisms

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9+2 configuration

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Cells usually have 1 or 2 F w/ hundreds of C if they have them

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Similar to muscles in that these microtubules expand/contract to move around

Nucleus

Membrane bound (nuclear envelope) control center of the cell

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Contains nucleolus to produce rRNA

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Nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope allow for RNA and proteins to leave this but keeps DNA in

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More than 1 chromosome per cell

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Filled up with chromatin

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Consists of folded membranes attached to the nucleus

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2 types:

Rough

Smooth

Rough ER

ER closest to the nucleus

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Makes proteins via ribosomes attached to its walls

Smooth ER

ER furthers from the nucleus

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Makes lipids and lacks ribosomes

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Lipids made in vesicles, pinched off parts of the membrane

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Continues to pinch off and transfer to Golgi Apparatus via Transport Vesicles

Transport Vesicles

Pinched off parts of organelle membranes used to transfer contents around the cell

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Ex.

Pinched off from the Smooth ER to transport lipids to the Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Apparatus

Membranous sacs associated w/ the ER

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Function:

Processes/transports proteins/lipids via sugars

Synthesis/transport of polysaccharides

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Products pinched off and transported via Transport Vessicles

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Not present in Microsporidia

Endomembrane System

1. Transport vesicle buds from the S or R ER
2. Transport vesicle fuses w/ Golgi Apparatus to dump contents inside
3. Golgi modifies molecules as they move through its successive chambers
4. Modified molecules bud off from the Golgi via Transport Vesicles
5. Transport Vesicles may fuse w/ plasma membrane, dumping contents outside the cell for delivery elsewhere in the organism

Lysosomes

Golgi derived vesicles containing digestive enzymes used to digest:

Bacteria

Worn out cell parts

Other cells

Mitosis

Cell division in which the same # of chromosomes are retained

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Used for asexual reproduction, growth, maintenance, and repair

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Done very quickly

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Cells are, genetically, exactly the same

Meiosis

Cell division in which half of the # of chromosomes are retained

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Used for sexual reproduction

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Reductional division resulting in haploid cells

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Involves 2 sequential divisions resulting in 4 cells

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Produces cells that are genetically different

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Increases the odds of the next generation surviving in environments that change

Eukarya Phylogeny

Uses 18S rRNA genes, which is much less strong for eukaryotes than the 16S rRNA genes in prokaryotes

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Constructed using other genes:

Tubulin

RNA polymerase

ATPase

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Suggests that fungi and animals are closely related

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Still being refined as it changes all the time

Archaeplastida (Algae)

Photosynthetic eukaryotic microbes

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Diverse morphology:


1. Unicellular


1. Chlamydomonas sp.
2. Colonial


1. Volvox sp.
3. Motile
4. Nonmotile
5. Aggregate


1. Coenobium

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Embedded in sugary mucilage to become tetrasporal

Chlamydomonas

Chlorophyte unicellular Archaeplastida

Coenobium

Aggregate (attached together) Archaeplastida

Volvox

Chlorophyte colonial Archaeplastida

Chlorophytes (Green Algae)

Archaeplastida closely r/t plants

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Most inhabit freshwater, w/ few marine/terrestrial

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Unicellular to multicellular

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Sexual and asexual reproduction

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Endolithic, can grow inside porous rocks

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Ex.

Chlamydomonas

Volvox

ChlorellaC

Chlorella

Chlorophyte Archaeplastida

Rhodophytes (Red Algae)

Mostly marine Archaeplastida, some freshwater/terrestrial

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Pigment via Phycoerythrin

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Ex.

Cyanidioschyzon

Polysiphonia

Galdieria

Cyanidioschyzon Merolae

Rhodophyte Archaeplastida

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Uniquely small, the smalles eukaryote at 1-2 micrometers in diameter

Polysiphonia

Marine Rhodophyte Archaeplastida

Galdieria

Rhodophyte Archaeplastida found in hot springs

Phycoerythrin

Red accessory pigment found in Rhodophytes

Yeast

Unicellular fungi

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Member of different types of Fungi:


1. Ascomycota
2. Basidiomycota
3. Deuteromycota

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Asexually reproduces via budding called Blastospores

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Undergoes Fermentation Catabolism in the absence of oxygen

Produces CO2, allowing bread to rise

Produces Ethanol, utilized in production of beer/wine

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Ex.

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Candida Albicans

Hyphae

Mass of branching filaments found in fungi, yeast, and mold

Mycelium

A whole mass of Hyphae

Septate Hyphae

Hyphae w/ visible crosswalls

Nonseptate Hyphae

Hyphae w/ no crosswalls

Fungi

Catchall term for Molds and Yeasts as well

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Sexual and asexual reproduction

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Classified based on sexual cycle:


1. Microsporidia
2. Chytridiomycetes
3. Glomeromycetes
4. Zygomycetes
5. Ascomycetes
6. Basidiomycetes
7. Deuteromycetes

Microsporidia

Fungus

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Tiny unicellular parasites that may be Protozoan instead

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Closely r/t Chytridomycetes phylogenetically

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Lacks:


1. Mitchondria
2. Hyrogenosomes
3. Golgi Apparatus

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Ex.

Encephalitozoon Intestinales

Mold

Multicellular Fungi

Chytridiomycota

Oldest most primitive Fungus

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Possesses Coenocytic Hyphae

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Asexual reproduction via Sporangium

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Sexual reproduction via Gametangia

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Ex.

Batrachochytrium sp.

Encephalitozoon Intestinales

Microsporidian Fungus

Sporangium

Asexual form of reproduction for Chytridiomycota

Gametangia

Sexual form of reproduction for Chytridiomycota

Batrachochytrium

Genus of Chytridiomycota Fungi that infects amphibians

Glomeromycota

Fungus

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Possesses Coenocytic Hyphae

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Dependent on symbiotic relationship w/ land plants

Allows plants to better absorb nutrients

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Little known about sexual/asexual cycle

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Ex.

GlomusGl

Glomus sp.

Glomeromycete Fungus

Mucormycota (Zygomycete)

Bread mold Fungus

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Reproduces asexually via Sporangiospores

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Reproduces sexually via Zygospores

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Ex.

Rhizopus sp.

Rhizopus

Mucormycota (Zygomycete) genus

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Nonseptate Hyphae

Sporangiospores

Asexual spores of Mucormycota (Zygomycete)

Zygospores

Sexual spores of Mucormycota (Zygomycete)

Blastospores

Buds of Yeast that allow for asexual reproduction

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Divides unevenly into big and small buds, where the small bud is named this

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Unicellular Yeast Fungi

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Pyruvic Acid is converted into Ethanol and CO2 via Fermentation

Candida Albicans

Unicellular Yeast Fungi

Ascomycota

Fungus

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Made up of Molds and Yeasts

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Possesses Septate Hyphae

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Asexual reproduction via Conidiopores (common)

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Sexual reproduction via Ascospores (rare)

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Ex.

Neurospora Crassa

Morchella Esculenta

Verpa Bohemica

Conidiospores

Common asexual spores of Ascomycota

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Rare asexual spores of Basidiomycota

Ascospores

Rare sexual spores of Ascomycota

Neurospora Crassa

Ascomycota Fungi

Morchella Esculenta

Ascomycota Fungi

Verpa Bohemica

Ascomycota Fungi

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Known as the False Morel

Basidiomycota (Wood Rotters)

Fungus

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Made up of both Molds and Yeasts

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Asexual reproduction via rare Conidiospores

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Sexual reproduction via common Basidiospores

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Possesses Septate Hyphae

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Ex.

Agaricus Campestris

Amanita sp.

Agaricus Campestris

Basidiomycota Fungi

Amanita

Basidiomycota Fungi Genus

Basidiospores

Common sexual spores of Basidiomycota

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Basidia produce these, found w/in gills of mushroom

Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti)

Fungus that causes the most human pathogens

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Made up of both Molds and Yeasts

Can switch between the 2, Biphasic or Dimorphic

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Possesses Septate Hyphae

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No sexual stage

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Ex.

Histoplasma Capsulatum

Biphasic (Dimorphic)

Fungus that switch between the Fungal phase and the Yeast phase

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Ex.

Deuteromycota

Histoplasma Capsulatum

Deuteromycete that is pathogenic to humans

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Risks infection via exposure to bird/bat droppings

Protozoa (Protists)

Classification based on phylogeny:


1. Excavata
2. Alveolata
3. Stramenopiles
4. Rhizaria
5. Amoebozoa

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Some produces cysts:


1. Protection from the environment
2. Reproduction
3. Means of transfer from one host to another

Excavata

Phylogenetic group of Protozoa

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Consists of:


1. Diplomonads
2. Parabasalids
3. Kinetoplastids
4. Euglenids

Alveolata

Phylgenetic group of Protozoa

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Characterized by presence of Alveoli, sacs underneath the cytoplasmic membrane

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Consists of:


1. Ciliates
2. Dinoflagellates
3. Apicomplexans

Stramenopiles

Phylogenetic group of Ptorozoa

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Consists of:


1. Water Molds (Oomycetes)
2. Diatoms
3. Golden Algae (Chrysophyta)
4. Brown Algae

Rhizaria

Phylogenetic group of Ptorozoa

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Distinguished from other Protists by their threadlike pseudopodia

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Consists of:


1. Cholarachniophyta
2. Foramnifera
3. Radiolarians

Amoebozoa

Phylogenetic group of Ptorozoa

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Use pseudopodia for movement and feeding

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Consists of:


1. Gymnamoebas
2. Entamoebas
3. Slime Molds

Parabasalids

Type of Excavata Protozoa

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Contains a Parabasal Body

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Lacks:


1. Mitochondria
2. Introns

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Possesses:


1. Hydrogenosomes for anaerobic metabolism

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Ex.

Trichomonas Vaginalis

Trichomonas Vaginalis

STD causing Parabasilid

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Excavata Protozoan

Diplomonads

Excavata Protozoa

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Possesses:


1. 2 nuclei of equal size
2. Mitosomes

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Ex.

Giardia Lamblia (Giardia Intestinalis)

Giardia Lamblia

Diplomonad

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Excavata Protozoan

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Causes disease:


1. Giardiasis
2. Mostly asymptomatic
3. Mild diarrhea
4. Stomach ache
5. Abdominal tenderness

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Epidemiology:


1. Transmitted by cysts to food/water
2. Found in intestinal tracts of man, primates, cattle, swine, dogs, cats, other mammals

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Control:


1. Proper hygiene
2. Municipal sanitation

Giardiasis

A common waterborne disease caused by Giardia Lamblia

Kinetoplastids

Excavata Protozoa

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Unicellular flagellated eukaryotes

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Have crystalline rod in their flagella

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Possesses the Kinetoplast, a mass of DNA present in their single large mitochondrion

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Lives primarily in aquatic habitats feeding on bacteria

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Ex.

Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense

Kinetoplasts

A mass of DNA present in the Kinetoplastids’ single large mitochondrion

Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense

Kinetoplastid

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Excavata Protozoan

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Causes African sleeping sickness

Euglenids

Excavata Protozoa

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Nonpathogenic

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Phototrophic

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Contains chloroplasts and can exist as heterotrophs

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Can feed on bacteria via phagocytosis

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Ex.

Euglena sp.

Euglena

Euglenid genus

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Excavata Protozoan

Alveoli

Sacs underneath the cytoplasmic membrane of Alveolates

Ciliates

member of Alveolata Protozoa that possess Cilia

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Ex.

Paramecium sp.

Balantidium Coli

Paramecium

Genus of Ciliates

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Alveolata Protozoa

Dinoflagellates

Member of Alveolata Protozoa

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Have 2 Flagella w/ different insertion points on the cell

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Diverse marine/freshwater phototrophic organisms

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Some are free-living and others live symbiotically w/ corals

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Dense suspensions of these cells are called Red Tides

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Ex.

Pfiesteria Piscicida

Pfiesteria Piscicida

Dinoflagellate

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Alveolata Protozoan

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Toxic and responsible for massive fish kills

Apicomplexans

Member of Aleveolata Protozoa

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Nonmotile obligate parasites of animals

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Ex.

Plasmodium sp.

Toxoplasma Gondii

Eimeria sp.

Cryptosporidium sp.

Balantidium Coli

Ciliate

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Alveolata Protozoan

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Disease:


1. Mostly asymptomatic
2. Mild diarrhea
3. Stomach ache
4. Abdominal tenderness

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Epidemiology:


1. Transmitted by cysts to food/water
2. Found in intestinal tracts of man, primates, cattle, swine, dogs, cats, and other mammals

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Control:


1. Proper hygiene
2. Municipal sanitation

Red Tides

Dense suspensions of Dinoflagellates

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Associated w/ fish kills and human poisoning

Plasmodium

Genus of Apicomplexans

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Alveolata Protozoa

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Causes malaria

Toxoplasma Gondii

Apicoplexan

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Alveolata Protozoan

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Causes Toxoplasmosis

Eimeria

Genus of Apicomplexans

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Alveolata Protozoa

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Causes Coccidiosis

Cryptosprodium

Genus of Apicomplexans

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Alveolata Protozoa

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Disease:


1. Cryptosporidiosisasis
2. Mostly asymptomatic
3. Mild diarrhea
4. Stomach ache
5. Abdominal tenderness

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Epidemiology:


1. Transmitted by oocysts to food/water
2. Found in intestinal tracts of man and other mammals

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Control:


1. Proper hygiene
2. Municipal sanitation

Water Molds (Oomycetes)

Stramenopile Protozoa

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Based on their filamentous growth and presences of Coenocytic Hyphae

Diatoms

Stramenopile Protozoa

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Over 100,000 species

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Freshwater/marine habitats

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Cell walls made up of silica and are called Frustules

Frustules

Cell walls of Diatoms

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Made up of silica

Golden Algae (Chrysophyta)

Stramenopile Protozoa

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Mostly unicellular, but some colonial

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Named because of golden-brown color

Brown Algae

Stramenopile Protozoa

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Seaweeds, not unicellular

Cholararachniophyta

Rhizaria Protozoa

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Phototropic amoeba-like organisms that have a flagellum for dispersal

Foraminifera

Rhizaria Protozoa

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Exclusively marine organisms

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Form shell-like structures called Tests

Tests

Shell-like structures of Foraminifera and Radiolarians

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Made from organic materials reinforeced w/ Calcium Carbonate

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White Cliffs of Dover are formed from these fossillized

Radiolarians

Rhizaria Protozoa

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Mostly marine, heterotrophic organisms

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Tests made of silica

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Name derived from radial symmetry of Tests

Gymnamoebas

Amoebozoa Protozoa

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Free living

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Inhabit soil and aquatic environments

Entamoebas

Amoebozoa Protozoa

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Parasites of vertebrates/invertebrates

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Ex.

Entamoeba Hystolytica

Plasmodial Slime Molds

Amoebozoa Protozoa

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Several shapes/forms

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Move as a Plasmodium, a mass whose nuclei are not separated by a cell membrane

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Ex.

Hemitrichia sp.

Physarum sp.

Entamoeba Hystolytica

Entamoeba

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Amoebazoa Protozoan

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Disease:


1. Amebic dysentery
2. Acute abdominal cramps
3. Copious diarrhea
4. Low grade fever

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Epidemiology:


1. Transmitted by cysts to food and animal waste irrigation
2. Found in intestinal tracts of man, primates, cattle, swine, dogs, cats, other mammals

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Control:


1. Proper hygiene
2. Municipal sanitation

Plasmodium

Mass whose nuclei are not separated by a cell membrane

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Type of Slime Mold