NSG 117 Oxygenation and Gas Exchange

Adequate ventilation assessment

Negative pressure is used in circumstances like

Tuberculosis

The Venturi mask is the most

Accurate form of oxygen therapy under intubation

IV fluids are given to

Rehydrate and thin mucous

Symptoms of asthma

Wheezing

Coughing

Chest tightness or pain

Shortness of breath

What is asthma

Condition in which a person's airways become inflamed, narrow and swell, and produce extra mucus, which makes it difficult to breathe.

expiration (exhalation)

the passive phase, the movement of air out of the lungs.

inspiration (inhalation)

the active phase, involves movement of muscles and the thorax to bring air into the lungs.

The process of ventilation has two phases:

inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation)

During inspiration, the following events occur

-the diaphragm contracts and descends, lengthening the thoracic cavity;

-the external intercostal muscles contract, lifting the ribs upward and outward;

-and the sternum is pushed forward, enlarging the chest from front to back.

-This combination of an increased lung volume and decreased intrapulmonic pressure allows atmospheric air to move from an area of greater pressure (outside air) into an area of lesser pressure (within the lungs)

Other physical features contribute to airflow in and out of the lungs:

the condition of the musculature, compliance of lung tissue, and airway resistance.

The compliance of lung tissue affects

The compliance of lung tissue affects lung volume.

The ability of the lungs to adequately fill with air during inhalation is achieved by the normal elasticity of lung tissue, aided by the presence of surfactant.

What is lung compliance

Lung compliance refers to the ease with which the lungs can be inflated.

What are the accessory muscles

muscles of the abdomen, neck, and back

used to maintain respiratory movements at times when breathing is difficult

Weakening of muscle

Weakening of the muscles involved in respiration can contribute to less effective inhalation and exhalation.

During expiration , the following events occur

-The diaphragm relaxes and moves up

-the ribs move down, and the sternum drops back into position.

-causes a decreased volume in the lungs and an increase in intrapulmonic pressure.

-As a result, air in the lungs moves from an area of greater pressure to one of lesser pressure and is expired

What is Perfusion

the process by which oxygenated capillary blood passes through body tissues.

What is respiration

involves gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries

What is pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs

Gas exchange is made possible by

pulmonary ventilation, respiration, and perfusion.

What is gas exchange

the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide,

Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of

Oxidation

Intrapleural pressure

Pressure within the pleural space

always subatmospheric (a negative pressure)

constant negative intrapleural pressure, along with the pleural fluid, holds the lungs in an expanded position.

Pleural fluid

fluid between the membranes acts as a lubricant and as an adhesive agent to hold the lungs in an expanded position.

A few milliliters of fluid between the pleural surfaces allow the lungs to move easily

The pleural space

two pleura membranes are continuous with each other and form a closed sac

pleural space lies between the two layers

The 2 pleura

collapse.

The lungs and thoracic cavity are lined with a serous membrane called the pleura

The visceral pleura covers the lungs

the parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity.

Surfactant

detergent-like phospholipid

reduces surface tension between moist membranes of the alveoli, preventing their collapse.

When surfactant production is reduced, lung becomes stiff and alveoli collapse.

The wall of each alveolus is made of

a single-cell layer of squamous epithelium

This thin wall allows for exchange of gases with the capillaries covering the alveoli.

The average adult has more than 300 million alveoli

What are alveoli

At the end of the terminal bronchioles there are clusters of alveoli (singular, alveolus),

They are small air sacs.

The alveoli are the site of gas exchange

What are bronchioles

The bronchi subdivide again and again, becoming smaller and smaller as they branch through the lung.

The smallest of these branches are the bronchioles, ending at the terminal bronchioles.

What are lobules

Each lobe of the lung is subdivided into segments or lobules.

Each lung is divided into lobes

The right lung has three lobes;

the left lung has two lobes

The heart lies between the

right and left lung.

The airways are lined with

mucus, which traps cells, particles, and infectious debris.

This mucus covering also helps to protect the underlying tissues from irritation and infection.

The lungs are located

within the thoracic cavity on the right and left sides

Cilia

microscopic hair-like projections,

propel trapped material and accompanying mucus toward the upper airway so they can be removed by coughing.

The main organ of respiration

The lungs

What is pulmonary surfactant

The upper airways

-The upper airway is composed of the nose, pharynx, larynx, and epiglottis.

-Its main function is to warm, filter, and humidify inspired air

The lower airways (the tracheobronchial tree)

-includes the trachea, right and left main stem bronchi, segmental bronchi, and terminal bronchioles

-major functions are conduction of air, mucociliary clearance, and production of pulmonary surfactant.

The airway is divided

into the upper and the lower airways.

The airway begins at the nose and ends at the

terminal bronchioles

The air way is a

a pathway for the transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Oxygen and carbon dioxide must

move through the alveoli as part of the oxygenation process

Oxygenation of body tissues depends on several factors:

-the integrity of the airway system to transport air to and from the lungs

-properly functioning alveolar system in the lungs (to oxygenate venous blood and to remove carbon dioxide from the blood)

- properly functioning cardiovascular system/blood supply to carry nutrients and wastes to and from body cells

oxygenation

the process of providing life-sustaining oxygen to the body’s cells

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Prioritization with inadequate oxygenation

Ventilation

Perfusion (alveolar)

Transport (hemoglobin role)

Pneumonia collaboration

Pneumonia treatment

Pneumonia order of care

Factor’s influencing oxygenation

Asthma assessment findings

Cardiopulmonary function

Cardiopulmonary dysfunction

Atelectasis impact

Atelectasis interventions

Atelectasis teaching

Pneumonia prevention

Delegation to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)s

Venturi mask

Rebreather mask

Non-rebreather mask

Simple mask

Inadequate oxygenation assessment

Nasal cannula

Physiology of oxygenation

Oxygen flow rates

Oxygen delivery systems

High flow rate oxygen

cardiovascular

(heart and blood vessels) system as it pertains to its role in oxygenation, the process of providing life-sustaining oxygen to the body’s cells

endotracheal tube

-airway into the trachea

-way of receiving oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation

cardiopulmonary system

the function of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems