med201 chap 67910111314

vertical integration

a company with same owner handles different aspects of a business within the same industry such as film production and distribution

radio waves

composed of electromagnetic energy and rise and fall in regular cycles

Radio Act of 1912

first licensed radio transmitters

regulation

government restriction or supervision of privately owned activity

patent

gives an inventor the exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention for 20 years

frequency

number of cycles that radio waves complete in a second

licenses

grant legal permission to operate a radio transmitter

O&O

TV or radio station owned and operated by a network

affiliate

a station that contracts with networks to distribute their programming

chain broadcasting

synonymous with a broadcasting network

formats

radio label content aimed at a specific audience

playlists

the songs picked for air play

top 40

a radio format that replays the top 40 songs heavily

syndication

rental or licensing of media products

the telecommunications act of 1996

federal legislation that deregulated radio ownership rules and the communications media

podcasting

recorded messages or audio programs distributed through download to computers, iPods, or other portable digital music players

Hertz

a measure of the frequency of radio waves in cycles per second

AM

amplitude modulation; carries information in the height or amplitude of the wave

FM

frequency modulation; carries information in variation of frequency of radio waves

cross-ownership

occurs when one firm owns different media outlets in the same area

low-power station

have more limited transmission power and cover smaller areas than regular FM stations

public broadcasters

aim to serve public interests with information, culture, and news

format clock

an hourly radio programming schedule

ratings

measure the proportion of television households that watch a specific show, or how many people are listening to a radio station

concentration of ownership

occurs when several kinds of media or many outlets of the same kind of media are owned by a single owner

group owners

own a number of broadcast stations

obscene or indecent speech

depicts sexual conduct in a way that appeals to sexual interests in a manner that is "patently offensive" to community standards, and lacks serious artistic, political, or scientific value

feature films

story films, usually over one and a half hours

major film studios

integrate all aspects of production and distribution

the star system

the film studios' use of stars' popularity to promote their movies

motion picture code

1930 (Hays Code) was a self-regulation of sex on screen by the motion picture industry

talkies

motion pictures with synchronized sound for dialogue

film noir

comprised the "dark" moody American films of the 1940s; often focused on detectives or similar themes

the studio system

in Hollywood emphasized key stars as a way to promote studio films

B movies

cheaply and quickly made genre films

vertical integration

occurs when a company with the same owner handles different aspects of a business within the same industry, such as film production and distribution

theatrical films

released for distribution in movie theaters

gross

the total box office revenue before expenses are deducted

auteurs

directors who also see themselves as artists; want to control all aspects of their production, often writing, sometimes shooting or editing their films

First-run distribution

for film productions made specifically for movie theaters

independent (indie) films

not made by major studios

rear projection

effects have images projected behind performers who are in the foreground

front projection

lets actors be photographed in front of an image so that they appear as part of it

composting

merging several layers oof images that were shot separately

mattes

background paintings or photographs that are combined with performers in the foreground

post production

includes editing, sound effects, and visual effects that are added after shooting the original footage

nonlinear editing

uses digital equipment to rearrange scenes to make the master copy

digital video

recorded, edited, and often transmitted in digital form as used by computers

windows

separate film release times for different channels or media

MPAA

(Motion Picture Association of America) is a trade organization that represents the major film studios

MPAA ratings

part of a movie rating system instituted in 1968

Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)

an anti-piracy initiative by the film and music industries, defeated in 2011 because it seemed to limit internet rights

Modems (modulator/demodulator)

convert digital data to analog signals and vice versa

wide area networks (WANs)

connect computers that are miles apart

Local Area Network (LANs)

link computers within a department, building, or campus

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

basic protocol used by the internet

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

used to format pages on the web

social media

media whose content is created and distributed through social interaction

Web 2.0

internet applications in which users provide content as well as consume it

encryption

used when a message is written in a secret code

protocols

technical rules governing data communication

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

the internet protocol used to transfer files over the web

cookies

small files that websites leave on their visitors' computers

spyware

malicious software that secretly sends information about your online activities

Internet 2

a new, faster version of the Internet

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

the address of webpages

portals

Web pages that users launch when they first log on to the Web

e-commerce

the ability to buy and sell online

Copyright

The legal right granted to exclusive publication, production, sale, or distribution of a literary, musical, dramatic, or artistic work

patent

20 year copyright

Net Neutrality

the principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally by Internet Service Providers.

phishing

online scam in which criminals pretend to be someone else you trust yo obtain money or sensitive information

spamming

unsolicited commercial e-mailing

digital game

digital computer facilitates the game play

video game

uses a television or similar screen to display the game play

massive multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG)

online games that thousands play at same time in a virtual world

virtual reality

a computer-generated environment that immerses the user in a make-believe world

casual games

informal games that can be completed in short periods of time

game engine

software components that govern the game world, interact with the user, and render images for the player

augmented reality

superimposes game objects on a real-world environment

artificial intelligence

property of an interactive medium that convinces users they new interacting with a real person

platform

a basic type or brand of game system

mods

modifications to game play or game environments made by users and amateur game developers

genres

distinctive styles of creative works

public relations

activities are intended to favorably influence the public

propoganda

the intentional influence of attitudes and opinions

public opinion

aggregate view of the general population

webcast

a real-time event transmitted over the internet

livestream

when events are streamed on internet and watched as they are happening

on demand

audiences can download podcasts whenever they want

snowball effects

happen when a small event or issue builds quickly

PR agencies

have multiple clients they represent

Corporate Communication

when a practitioner is employed by a single company to do its public relations work rather than contract out the work to a PR agency

media relations

focus on establishing and maintaining good relations with the media

publics

the different audiences that PR practitioners communicate with as part of their daily work

advertising

communication that is paid for and is usually persuasive in nature

era of creativity

advertisers emphasized entertainment as well as information

Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)

assures the use of all commercial media and message is clear, consistent, and influential

sales promotions

specific features like coupons to directly spur sales

direct marketing

a form of advertising that requests an immediate consumer response