AP Psych Unit 4- Social & Motivation

Emotion

a complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response.

Emotion Theories: James Lange

1st: Perceive a signal

2nd: Stimuli triggers an autonomic response

3rd: Interprets the response and labels it

Walter Cannon & Philip Bard’s Theory

proposes that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously and independently, rather than sequentially.

Stanley Schachter Theory

suggests that emotion is based on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal.

Broaden- and- build Theory

Suggests that positive and negative emotions have different effects on awareness

Paul Ekman

Humans posses universal emotional responses and facial expressions. He identified six basic emotions: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Facial expression not only communicate with others how one is feeling, but can also influence our own emotions

Social Psychology

The scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts, and how these behaviors are influenced by the presence of others.

Social Norms

When we live in a society we understand and adapt to the guidelines that members in our society have for its members across social situations

Social Influence Theory

Social influence can be normative and informational.

Normative influence involves conforming to fit in.

Informational influence occurs when individuals look to others for guidance in ambiguous situations.

Persuasion

Techniques applies to convince oneself of others of particular ideas, actions or beliefs

Central Route of Persuasion

A method of persuasion that involves careful and thoughtful consideration of the arguments presented, leading to lasting attitude change.

Peripheral Route of Persuasion

Method that relies on superficial cues, such as attractiveness or emotional appeal, rather than the content of the message.

Halo Effect

AN attractiveness stereotype that refers to the tendency to assign positive qualities and traits to physically attractive people

Horn Effect

A bias where negative traits are attributed to a person based on their unattractive appearance, leading to unfavorable judgments.

Door in the face

Starting with a large request and then moving to a smaller and more reasonable one until you convince the person

Foot in the door

Starting with a small request and following up with an even bigger one once they agree.

Conformity

Changing our beliefs to match those of others through unspoken rules or norms

Soloman Asch’s experiment

A study that examined the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could influence a person to conform.

Obedience

A change in behavior in response to a demand from an authority figure

Stanley Miligram

A large majority of people are going to follow orders from authority figures even if it means harming others. The “teacher” would shock the “student” at max voltage because others influenced him to

Stanford Prison experiment

Zambardo divided college students into prisoners and guards after 6 days they began to loose their sense or individuality and conform to their role as either prisoner or guard.

Deindividuation

Psychological state in which a person becomes submerged in a group loses a sense of individuality and self awareness

Bystander effect (Genovese Effect)

The more people there who are also witnessing an emergency, the less likely it is that any one of them will help

Diffusion of responsibility

The number/ extent of people present lowers your personal responsibility to help of intervene

Prosocial Behavior

Actions that help others

Altruism

Selfless behaviors, helping others just because

Social Reciprocity Norm

Helping people but expecting something in return

Industrial Organization

Psychologists study how people perform in the workplace. They study how to get employees to work better so the company does better

Social Loafing

When people exert less effort in a group while their team picks up the slack

False Consensus Effect

When people overestimate the levels to which others agree with them and their choices

Group Polarization

When ones opinions are shifted to more extreme positions after hearing a group. Moving form one pole to another

Groupthink

When one choses to listen to or go along with members or a group to maintain harmony

Social Facilitation

The presence of other people improves performance

ex. home field advantage

Social Inhibition

The presence of other people impairs performance

ex. away games

Social Traps

Situations in which individuals or groups pursue immediate benefits that later result in negative consequences for the group as a whole

ex. overfishing a pond

Superordinate goals

When members of a group unite under a common goal, their conflict diminishes to be able to work together

ex. the u.s and the soviet union coming together to defeat Germany

Individualistic cultures

Focus on personal goals. Think and act independently

Collectivistic Cultures

Group Harmony: follow group norms or out others needs before yours

Multiculturalism

Values diversity and allows different cultural perspectives to coexist.

In-Groups

A group or a person identifies with and feels that they belong

Out-Groups

A group where a person feels like they don’t belong

In-Group bias

The tendency to judge the behaviors of in-group members more favorably

Outgroup homogeneity effect

The tendency to see members of the outgroup as very similar to one another

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to consider other cultures customs or values as inferior to ones own

Stereotypes

A mental image or though regarding members of a group that exaggerates their characteristics

Social comparison theory

Individuals determine their own social and personal self worth based on how they compare to others

Upward comparison

Comparing oneself with someone who is perceived as being better in a particular area

Downward comparison

Comparing oneself with someone who is percieved at being worse in an area

Mere Exposure effect

Peoples perception of how much they like something can be changed with repeated exposure to the stimuli which increases familiarity

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A prediction that comes true at least in part as the result of a persons belief or expectation that the prediction would come true

Attribution

How people explain behavior and mental processes of themselves and others

Dispositional: Internal qualities of others

Situational: External circumstances that are experienced

Explanatory style: How people explain good and bad events in their lives and in the lives of others

Fundamental Attribution error

The tendency people have to attribute others actions to their character, ignoring the impact that situational factors might have on that behavior

Self Serving Bias

When individuals attribute their successes to internal factors, while blaming their failures on external factors

Just World Theory

The tendency to believe that the world is just and people get what they deserve.

language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Phonemes

Distinctive sound unit, NO meaning

Morphemes

smallest unit that DOES carry meaning

Grammar

the system of rules governing the structure and use of a language

Semantics

System of rules in a language that enables us to communicate and understand others

Syntax

the specific patterns and rules for constructing phrases and sentences

holophrastic stage

Infants make sounds AKA babbling stage

One- word stage

(1-2 years) stage during which child speaks only in single words

Two -word stage

age 2, child speaks mostly two-word statements

B.F Skinner

Language is learned and acquired through reinforcement, modeling and imitation.

Noam Chomsky

Language is innate, we are born with the mental capacity to learn language

language acquisition device (LAD)

"Learning Box" Hard wired in our heads that enable us to learn language

Benjamin Lee Whorf

Famous for describing concept of "linguistic determinism"

Linguistic determination

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Sigmund Frued

Emphasized the importance of unconscious psychological processes that determine personality traits

Sigmund Freud: Case studies

Freud used case studies to create his theory called psychoanalysis through the unconscious mind

Psychodynamic Psychology

Frued, much of ones personality develops out of personal struggle: Personality is made up of the id, ego and superego

The id

Pleasure principle: Impulsive part of our brain and responds to intsicts. Primitive thinking

Ego

Reality principle: mediates between the unrealistic.

Superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Defense Mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Repression

Banishes or pushes away anxiety- arousing thoughts or feelings from consciousness

Regression

Where one retreats to infantile or childish behaviors

Reaction Formation

When people behave in a way opposite to what their true but anxiety-provoking feelings would dictate.

Projection

When people disguise their own impulses by attributing them to others

Rationalization

self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

Displacement

Shifts negative or aggressive impulses toward a safer outlet

Sublimination

Attempting to turn unacceptable thoughts or actions into socially accepted behaviors (going for a run)

Denial

Ignoring the reality of a situation to avoid anxiety

Frued's Flaws

Had severe masculine bias and only used case studies to prove his theories

Neo-Freudians

Group of psychologists who agree with Freud's emphasis on the impact of childhood on one's life, but move away from a sole focus on sex and aggression.

Carl Jung

concept of "collective unconscious": Stored knowledge we are born with but not conscious of. Introverted and extroverted

Archetypes (Jung)

universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences

Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order

Karen Horney

Neo-Freudian; offered feminist critique of Freud's theory

Projective tests

personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind ( Inkblot, TAT)

Social-Cognitive Approach

Examines how conscious thoughts determine behavior and affect personality

Julian Rotter

Locus of control: sense of power and control shapes our personality

Internal Locus

Taking personal responsibility for your actions and experiences, success or failure

External Locus

Believing that luck, fate, or chance will determine your success, failure, and/or experience

Humanistic Approach

Humane, Innate drive towards growth and happiness

Carl Rogers: Self Concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Unconditional Positive Regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person, no matter what they say or do. This boost self-esteem and helps form stable relationships

Raymond Cattell's 16 Personality Factors

Using surveys and records identified visible areas of personality, called surface traits, Develop the concept of 16 basic traits that people have