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Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from world history lecture notes.
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7 Characteristics of Civilization
Organized government, complex religions, job specialization, social classes, arts/architecture, public works, and writing.
SPICE-T Chart
Framework for historical analysis: Social, Political, Interactions with environment, Cultural, Economic, and Technology.
Effects of the Fall of the Roman Empire
Political instability, decline of urban centers, and beginning of feudalism in Europe.
Feudalism
A hierarchical system where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and service.
Charlemagne
King of the Franks who united much of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE.
William the Conqueror
Norman ruler who invaded England in 1066 and established strong centralized control.
Divine Right of Kings
Belief that monarchs were chosen by God and accountable only to Him.
Magna Carta
1215 document limiting the power of the English king and laying the foundation for constitutional government.
Model Parliament
Early representative government in England, established in 1295.
Nationalism
Strong loyalty to one's nation and its interests.
Bubonic Plague
Deadly disease that killed millions in 14th-century Europe, weakening feudalism.
Impact of the Catholic Church
Dominated medieval life, politics, and education.
Guild System
Associations of artisans or merchants who controlled trade, quality, and training.
Five Pillars of Islam
Basic acts of worship in Islam: Faith, Prayer, Charity, Fasting, and Pilgrimage.
Rule of Islamic Rulers
Islamic caliphates governed based on Sharia law and expanded Islam.
Impact of the Crusades
Increased trade, cultural exchange, and tensions between Christians and Muslims.
Climate in the Middle East
Affected agriculture, settlement, and trade routes.
Trade and Islam
Spread of Islam linked to trade networks like the Silk Roads and Trans-Saharan routes.
Islamic Beliefs and Science and Technology
Contributions in math, medicine, astronomy, and preservation of Greek knowledge.
Early West African Society
Developed powerful kingdoms and trade networks.
Jenne-Jeno
Ancient West African city with complex society but no central government.
Kingdom of Ghana
Early West African kingdom rich in gold, center of trade.
Kingdom of Mali
Successor to Ghana, known for Mansa Musa and Islamic influence.
Geography of West Africa
Influenced trade, agriculture, and empire development.
Griots
West African storytellers preserving history through oral tradition.
Gold-Salt Trade
Major trade system linking West Africa to the Islamic world.
Geography of Japan and China
Influenced isolation in Japan and centralized empires in China.
Kamakura Shogunate
Japan's first military government, led by shoguns.
Shogun, Daimyos, Samurai
Japanese feudal system with warrior nobility.
Shinto
Indigenous religion of Japan focused on kami (spirits) and nature.
Buddhism
Religion founded in India, emphasizing suffering, karma, and enlightenment.
Ming Dynasty
Chinese dynasty known for restoring native rule, maritime voyages, and Great Wall construction.
Trade and the Spread of Islam
Facilitated by merchants, linking Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Zheng He
Chinese explorer who led massive naval expeditions during the Ming Dynasty.
Fall of the Ming
Resulted from internal corruption, peasant revolts, and Manchu invasion.
Neo-Confucianism
Blended Confucianism with Daoist and Buddhist elements; stressed hierarchy and moral behavior.
Renaissance
Revival of classical learning and art in Europe (14th-17th centuries).
Humanism
Focus on human potential and achievements; key Renaissance value.
Secularism
Separation of religious and worldly matters.
Greco-Roman Culture
Classical heritage from ancient Greece and Rome.
Printing Press
Invented by Gutenberg; increased access to knowledge and helped spread Reformation ideas.
Reformation
Religious reform movement leading to the creation of Protestant churches.
Counter-Reformation
Catholic response to Reformation, including reforms and reaffirmation of doctrine.
Indulgences
Payments to the Church for forgiveness of sins; criticized by reformers.
Catholic vs. Protestant
Split in Christianity due to differences in beliefs and practices.
Predestination
Calvinist belief that God has already chosen who will be saved.
Separatists
Groups who wanted to completely break away from the Church of England.
Jesuit Order
Catholic religious order founded to combat Protestantism and promote education.
Council of Trent
Catholic meeting to address corruption and reaffirm church doctrine.
Baroque
Artistic style known for drama, detail, and grandeur.
Age of Exploration
European global exploration beginning in the 15th century.
Women and the Public Sphere
Expanding roles of women in society and intellectual life.
Heliocentric Model
Sun-centered model of the universe.
Ptolemaic Model
Earth-centered model of the universe.
Copernicus
Proposed the heliocentric theory.
Galileo
Supported heliocentrism with telescope observations; challenged Church authority.
Newton
Formulated laws of motion and gravity.
Notable Women of the Scientific Revolution
Contributed to science despite gender barriers.
Deism
Belief in a rational God who created the universe but does not interfere.
Enlightenment
Intellectual movement advocating reason, liberty, and progress.
Principles of the Enlightenment
Reason, individual rights, skepticism of authority.
Hobbes
Believed in absolute monarchy; people are naturally selfish.
Locke
Believed in natural rights and that government must protect them.
Social Contract
Agreement between people and government to ensure social order.
Republicanism
Political theory that supports a government by elected representatives.
Rousseau
Emphasized individual freedom and direct democracy.
Wollstonecraft
Advocated for women's rights and education.
Reformation vs. Renaissance Art
Reformation art was more religious and didactic; Renaissance art focused on beauty, realism, and humanism.
Industrial Revolution beginnings
The mid-18th century start in Great Britain of significant changes in manufacturing, agriculture, and technology, leading to profound societal shifts.
Industrial Revolution in England
The specific development and impact of the Industrial Revolution within England, its birthplace, driven by unique resources and conditions.
Key inventions of the IR
Crucial technological innovations like the steam engine, spinning jenny, and power loom that transformed production during the Industrial Revolution.
Factory Conditions
The often harsh and dangerous working environments in early factories, characterized by long hours, low wages, and child labor.
Factory Reform
Movements and legislation aimed at improving the poor working conditions and addressing abuses in factories.
1833 Factory Reform Act
A British law that limited working hours for children in textile factories and established factory inspectors.
Impact of the IR in England
The wide-ranging consequences on England, including urbanization, population growth, new social classes, and economic expansion.
The People's Charter
A document from the Chartist movement demanding political reforms in Britain, such as universal male suffrage.
Meiji Restoration
A political revolution in Japan (1868) that ended the shogunate and restored imperial rule, leading to rapid modernization.
Internal and external factors of Japanese IR
Domestic conditions and foreign pressures that propelled Japan's rapid industrialization during the Meiji period.
Unequal Treaties
Treaties imposed by Western powers on East Asian nations, granting privileges like extraterritoriality and undermining sovereignty.
Meiji Reforms
Comprehensive changes enacted during the Meiji period in Japan to modernize the country and strengthen it against Western influence.
Impact of ending the feudal system in Japan
The consequences of abolishing the samurai and daimyo, leading to a centralized government and facilitating industrialization.
Impact of the IR in Japan
The effects of rapid industrialization on Japan, including its emergence as a major global power and military force.
Rise of new imperialism
A period of intensified colonial expansion by European powers, the US, and Japan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
White Man's Burden
A belief that white Europeans had a moral obligation to 'civilize' non-white peoples, often used to justify imperialism.
Colonies
Territories directly governed by a foreign power.
Spheres of Influence
Areas where an outside power claims exclusive trading or investment rights, without direct governance.
Great Rebellion/Indian Mutiny
A major uprising in India (1857-1858) against British East India Company rule, leading to direct British Crown control.
Europe in China
The involvement of European powers in China through trade, diplomatic pressure, and the establishment of spheres of influence.
Japan in China
Japan's increasing influence and aggression in China, leading to conflicts and territorial expansion.
Imperialism in Africa
The extensive colonization of Africa by European powers during the late 19th century, driven by economic and political motives.
Scramble for Africa
The rapid division and colonization of nearly all of Africa by European powers in the late 19th century.
Berlin Conference
A meeting (1884-1885) where European powers formally divided Africa among themselves to regulate colonization.
Resisting Imperialism in Africa
Various forms of opposition by African peoples against European colonial rule, including armed resistance and diplomatic efforts.
Colonial Impact on Latin America
The lasting effects of European colonization, including cultural impositions, resource exploitation, and social hierarchies.
Columbian Exchange
The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, diseases, and ideas between the Old World and the Americas after 1492.
Encomienda
A Spanish labor system forcing indigenous populations to provide labor and tribute to Spanish settlers.
Haciendas
Large Spanish colonial estates, often agricultural, worked by indigenous or mestizo laborers.
Colonial Spanish America
The period and territories in the Americas under Spanish Empire rule.
Father Hidalgo
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Mexican Catholic priest who launched the Mexican War of Independence with his 'Grito de Dolores' in 1810.
Simon Bolivar
A Venezuelan military and political leader who played a key role in the establishment of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama as sovereign states, freeing them from Spanish rule.