World History Review Flashcards

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Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from world history lecture notes.

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111 Terms

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7 Characteristics of Civilization

Organized government, complex religions, job specialization, social classes, arts/architecture, public works, and writing.

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SPICE-T Chart

Framework for historical analysis: Social, Political, Interactions with environment, Cultural, Economic, and Technology.

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Effects of the Fall of the Roman Empire

Political instability, decline of urban centers, and beginning of feudalism in Europe.

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Feudalism

A hierarchical system where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and service.

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Charlemagne

King of the Franks who united much of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE.

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William the Conqueror

Norman ruler who invaded England in 1066 and established strong centralized control.

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Divine Right of Kings

Belief that monarchs were chosen by God and accountable only to Him.

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Magna Carta

1215 document limiting the power of the English king and laying the foundation for constitutional government.

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Model Parliament

Early representative government in England, established in 1295.

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Nationalism

Strong loyalty to one's nation and its interests.

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Bubonic Plague

Deadly disease that killed millions in 14th-century Europe, weakening feudalism.

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Impact of the Catholic Church

Dominated medieval life, politics, and education.

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Guild System

Associations of artisans or merchants who controlled trade, quality, and training.

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Five Pillars of Islam

Basic acts of worship in Islam: Faith, Prayer, Charity, Fasting, and Pilgrimage.

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Rule of Islamic Rulers

Islamic caliphates governed based on Sharia law and expanded Islam.

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Impact of the Crusades

Increased trade, cultural exchange, and tensions between Christians and Muslims.

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Climate in the Middle East

Affected agriculture, settlement, and trade routes.

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Trade and Islam

Spread of Islam linked to trade networks like the Silk Roads and Trans-Saharan routes.

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Islamic Beliefs and Science and Technology

Contributions in math, medicine, astronomy, and preservation of Greek knowledge.

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Early West African Society

Developed powerful kingdoms and trade networks.

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Jenne-Jeno

Ancient West African city with complex society but no central government.

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Kingdom of Ghana

Early West African kingdom rich in gold, center of trade.

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Kingdom of Mali

Successor to Ghana, known for Mansa Musa and Islamic influence.

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Geography of West Africa

Influenced trade, agriculture, and empire development.

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Griots

West African storytellers preserving history through oral tradition.

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Gold-Salt Trade

Major trade system linking West Africa to the Islamic world.

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Geography of Japan and China

Influenced isolation in Japan and centralized empires in China.

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Kamakura Shogunate

Japan's first military government, led by shoguns.

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Shogun, Daimyos, Samurai

Japanese feudal system with warrior nobility.

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Shinto

Indigenous religion of Japan focused on kami (spirits) and nature.

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Buddhism

Religion founded in India, emphasizing suffering, karma, and enlightenment.

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Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty known for restoring native rule, maritime voyages, and Great Wall construction.

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Trade and the Spread of Islam

Facilitated by merchants, linking Africa, Asia, and Europe.

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Zheng He

Chinese explorer who led massive naval expeditions during the Ming Dynasty.

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Fall of the Ming

Resulted from internal corruption, peasant revolts, and Manchu invasion.

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Neo-Confucianism

Blended Confucianism with Daoist and Buddhist elements; stressed hierarchy and moral behavior.

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Renaissance

Revival of classical learning and art in Europe (14th-17th centuries).

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Humanism

Focus on human potential and achievements; key Renaissance value.

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Secularism

Separation of religious and worldly matters.

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Greco-Roman Culture

Classical heritage from ancient Greece and Rome.

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Printing Press

Invented by Gutenberg; increased access to knowledge and helped spread Reformation ideas.

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Reformation

Religious reform movement leading to the creation of Protestant churches.

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Counter-Reformation

Catholic response to Reformation, including reforms and reaffirmation of doctrine.

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Indulgences

Payments to the Church for forgiveness of sins; criticized by reformers.

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Catholic vs. Protestant

Split in Christianity due to differences in beliefs and practices.

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Predestination

Calvinist belief that God has already chosen who will be saved.

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Separatists

Groups who wanted to completely break away from the Church of England.

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Jesuit Order

Catholic religious order founded to combat Protestantism and promote education.

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Council of Trent

Catholic meeting to address corruption and reaffirm church doctrine.

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Baroque

Artistic style known for drama, detail, and grandeur.

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Age of Exploration

European global exploration beginning in the 15th century.

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Women and the Public Sphere

Expanding roles of women in society and intellectual life.

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Heliocentric Model

Sun-centered model of the universe.

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Ptolemaic Model

Earth-centered model of the universe.

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Copernicus

Proposed the heliocentric theory.

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Galileo

Supported heliocentrism with telescope observations; challenged Church authority.

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Newton

Formulated laws of motion and gravity.

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Notable Women of the Scientific Revolution

Contributed to science despite gender barriers.

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Deism

Belief in a rational God who created the universe but does not interfere.

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Enlightenment

Intellectual movement advocating reason, liberty, and progress.

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Principles of the Enlightenment

Reason, individual rights, skepticism of authority.

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Hobbes

Believed in absolute monarchy; people are naturally selfish.

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Locke

Believed in natural rights and that government must protect them.

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Social Contract

Agreement between people and government to ensure social order.

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Republicanism

Political theory that supports a government by elected representatives.

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Rousseau

Emphasized individual freedom and direct democracy.

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Wollstonecraft

Advocated for women's rights and education.

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Reformation vs. Renaissance Art

Reformation art was more religious and didactic; Renaissance art focused on beauty, realism, and humanism.

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Industrial Revolution beginnings

The mid-18th century start in Great Britain of significant changes in manufacturing, agriculture, and technology, leading to profound societal shifts.

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Industrial Revolution in England

The specific development and impact of the Industrial Revolution within England, its birthplace, driven by unique resources and conditions.

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Key inventions of the IR

Crucial technological innovations like the steam engine, spinning jenny, and power loom that transformed production during the Industrial Revolution.

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Factory Conditions

The often harsh and dangerous working environments in early factories, characterized by long hours, low wages, and child labor.

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Factory Reform

Movements and legislation aimed at improving the poor working conditions and addressing abuses in factories.

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1833 Factory Reform Act

A British law that limited working hours for children in textile factories and established factory inspectors.

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Impact of the IR in England

The wide-ranging consequences on England, including urbanization, population growth, new social classes, and economic expansion.

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The People's Charter

A document from the Chartist movement demanding political reforms in Britain, such as universal male suffrage.

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Meiji Restoration

A political revolution in Japan (1868) that ended the shogunate and restored imperial rule, leading to rapid modernization.

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Internal and external factors of Japanese IR

Domestic conditions and foreign pressures that propelled Japan's rapid industrialization during the Meiji period.

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Unequal Treaties

Treaties imposed by Western powers on East Asian nations, granting privileges like extraterritoriality and undermining sovereignty.

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Meiji Reforms

Comprehensive changes enacted during the Meiji period in Japan to modernize the country and strengthen it against Western influence.

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Impact of ending the feudal system in Japan

The consequences of abolishing the samurai and daimyo, leading to a centralized government and facilitating industrialization.

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Impact of the IR in Japan

The effects of rapid industrialization on Japan, including its emergence as a major global power and military force.

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Rise of new imperialism

A period of intensified colonial expansion by European powers, the US, and Japan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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White Man's Burden

A belief that white Europeans had a moral obligation to 'civilize' non-white peoples, often used to justify imperialism.

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Colonies

Territories directly governed by a foreign power.

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Spheres of Influence

Areas where an outside power claims exclusive trading or investment rights, without direct governance.

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Great Rebellion/Indian Mutiny

A major uprising in India (1857-1858) against British East India Company rule, leading to direct British Crown control.

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Europe in China

The involvement of European powers in China through trade, diplomatic pressure, and the establishment of spheres of influence.

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Japan in China

Japan's increasing influence and aggression in China, leading to conflicts and territorial expansion.

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Imperialism in Africa

The extensive colonization of Africa by European powers during the late 19th century, driven by economic and political motives.

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Scramble for Africa

The rapid division and colonization of nearly all of Africa by European powers in the late 19th century.

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Berlin Conference

A meeting (1884-1885) where European powers formally divided Africa among themselves to regulate colonization.

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Resisting Imperialism in Africa

Various forms of opposition by African peoples against European colonial rule, including armed resistance and diplomatic efforts.

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Colonial Impact on Latin America

The lasting effects of European colonization, including cultural impositions, resource exploitation, and social hierarchies.

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Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, diseases, and ideas between the Old World and the Americas after 1492.

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Encomienda

A Spanish labor system forcing indigenous populations to provide labor and tribute to Spanish settlers.

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Haciendas

Large Spanish colonial estates, often agricultural, worked by indigenous or mestizo laborers.

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Colonial Spanish America

The period and territories in the Americas under Spanish Empire rule.

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Father Hidalgo

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Mexican Catholic priest who launched the Mexican War of Independence with his 'Grito de Dolores' in 1810.

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Simon Bolivar

A Venezuelan military and political leader who played a key role in the establishment of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama as sovereign states, freeing them from Spanish rule.