World History Review Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from world history lecture notes.

7 Characteristics of Civilization

Organized government, complex religions, job specialization, social classes, arts/architecture, public works, and writing.

SPICE-T Chart

Framework for historical analysis: Social, Political, Interactions with environment, Cultural, Economic, and Technology.

Effects of the Fall of the Roman Empire

Political instability, decline of urban centers, and beginning of feudalism in Europe.

Feudalism

A hierarchical system where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and service.

Charlemagne

King of the Franks who united much of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE.

William the Conqueror

Norman ruler who invaded England in 1066 and established strong centralized control.

Divine Right of Kings

Belief that monarchs were chosen by God and accountable only to Him.

Magna Carta

1215 document limiting the power of the English king and laying the foundation for constitutional government.

Model Parliament

Early representative government in England, established in 1295.

Nationalism

Strong loyalty to one's nation and its interests.

Bubonic Plague

Deadly disease that killed millions in 14th-century Europe, weakening feudalism.

Impact of the Catholic Church

Dominated medieval life, politics, and education.

Guild System

Associations of artisans or merchants who controlled trade, quality, and training.

Five Pillars of Islam

Basic acts of worship in Islam: Faith, Prayer, Charity, Fasting, and Pilgrimage.

Rule of Islamic Rulers

Islamic caliphates governed based on Sharia law and expanded Islam.

Impact of the Crusades

Increased trade, cultural exchange, and tensions between Christians and Muslims.

Climate in the Middle East

Affected agriculture, settlement, and trade routes.

Trade and Islam

Spread of Islam linked to trade networks like the Silk Roads and Trans-Saharan routes.

Islamic Beliefs and Science and Technology

Contributions in math, medicine, astronomy, and preservation of Greek knowledge.

Early West African Society

Developed powerful kingdoms and trade networks.

Jenne-Jeno

Ancient West African city with complex society but no central government.

Kingdom of Ghana

Early West African kingdom rich in gold, center of trade.

Kingdom of Mali

Successor to Ghana, known for Mansa Musa and Islamic influence.

Geography of West Africa

Influenced trade, agriculture, and empire development.

Griots

West African storytellers preserving history through oral tradition.

Gold-Salt Trade

Major trade system linking West Africa to the Islamic world.

Geography of Japan and China

Influenced isolation in Japan and centralized empires in China.

Kamakura Shogunate

Japan's first military government, led by shoguns.

Shogun, Daimyos, Samurai

Japanese feudal system with warrior nobility.

Shinto

Indigenous religion of Japan focused on kami (spirits) and nature.

Buddhism

Religion founded in India, emphasizing suffering, karma, and enlightenment.

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty known for restoring native rule, maritime voyages, and Great Wall construction.

Trade and the Spread of Islam

Facilitated by merchants, linking Africa, Asia, and Europe.

Zheng He

Chinese explorer who led massive naval expeditions during the Ming Dynasty.

Fall of the Ming

Resulted from internal corruption, peasant revolts, and Manchu invasion.

Neo-Confucianism

Blended Confucianism with Daoist and Buddhist elements; stressed hierarchy and moral behavior.

Renaissance

Revival of classical learning and art in Europe (14th-17th centuries).

Humanism

Focus on human potential and achievements; key Renaissance value.

Secularism

Separation of religious and worldly matters.

Greco-Roman Culture

Classical heritage from ancient Greece and Rome.

Printing Press

Invented by Gutenberg; increased access to knowledge and helped spread Reformation ideas.

Reformation

Religious reform movement leading to the creation of Protestant churches.

Counter-Reformation

Catholic response to Reformation, including reforms and reaffirmation of doctrine.

Indulgences

Payments to the Church for forgiveness of sins; criticized by reformers.

Catholic vs. Protestant

Split in Christianity due to differences in beliefs and practices.

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God has already chosen who will be saved.

Separatists

Groups who wanted to completely break away from the Church of England.

Jesuit Order

Catholic religious order founded to combat Protestantism and promote education.

Council of Trent

Catholic meeting to address corruption and reaffirm church doctrine.

Baroque

Artistic style known for drama, detail, and grandeur.

Age of Exploration

European global exploration beginning in the 15th century.

Women and the Public Sphere

Expanding roles of women in society and intellectual life.

Heliocentric Model

Sun-centered model of the universe.

Ptolemaic Model

Earth-centered model of the universe.

Copernicus

Proposed the heliocentric theory.

Galileo

Supported heliocentrism with telescope observations; challenged Church authority.

Newton

Formulated laws of motion and gravity.

Notable Women of the Scientific Revolution

Contributed to science despite gender barriers.

Deism

Belief in a rational God who created the universe but does not interfere.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement advocating reason, liberty, and progress.

Principles of the Enlightenment

Reason, individual rights, skepticism of authority.

Hobbes

Believed in absolute monarchy; people are naturally selfish.

Locke

Believed in natural rights and that government must protect them.

Social Contract

Agreement between people and government to ensure social order.

Republicanism

Political theory that supports a government by elected representatives.

Rousseau

Emphasized individual freedom and direct democracy.

Wollstonecraft

Advocated for women's rights and education.

Reformation vs. Renaissance Art

Reformation art was more religious and didactic; Renaissance art focused on beauty, realism, and humanism.

Industrial Revolution beginnings

The mid-18th century start in Great Britain of significant changes in manufacturing, agriculture, and technology, leading to profound societal shifts.

Industrial Revolution in England

The specific development and impact of the Industrial Revolution within England, its birthplace, driven by unique resources and conditions.

Key inventions of the IR

Crucial technological innovations like the steam engine, spinning jenny, and power loom that transformed production during the Industrial Revolution.

Factory Conditions

The often harsh and dangerous working environments in early factories, characterized by long hours, low wages, and child labor.

Factory Reform

Movements and legislation aimed at improving the poor working conditions and addressing abuses in factories.

1833 Factory Reform Act

A British law that limited working hours for children in textile factories and established factory inspectors.

Impact of the IR in England

The wide-ranging consequences on England, including urbanization, population growth, new social classes, and economic expansion.

The People's Charter

A document from the Chartist movement demanding political reforms in Britain, such as universal male suffrage.

Meiji Restoration

A political revolution in Japan (1868) that ended the shogunate and restored imperial rule, leading to rapid modernization.

Internal and external factors of Japanese IR

Domestic conditions and foreign pressures that propelled Japan's rapid industrialization during the Meiji period.

Unequal Treaties

Treaties imposed by Western powers on East Asian nations, granting privileges like extraterritoriality and undermining sovereignty.

Meiji Reforms

Comprehensive changes enacted during the Meiji period in Japan to modernize the country and strengthen it against Western influence.

Impact of ending the feudal system in Japan

The consequences of abolishing the samurai and daimyo, leading to a centralized government and facilitating industrialization.

Impact of the IR in Japan

The effects of rapid industrialization on Japan, including its emergence as a major global power and military force.

Rise of new imperialism

A period of intensified colonial expansion by European powers, the US, and Japan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

White Man's Burden

A belief that white Europeans had a moral obligation to 'civilize' non-white peoples, often used to justify imperialism.

Colonies

Territories directly governed by a foreign power.

Spheres of Influence

Areas where an outside power claims exclusive trading or investment rights, without direct governance.

Great Rebellion/Indian Mutiny

A major uprising in India (1857-1858) against British East India Company rule, leading to direct British Crown control.

Europe in China

The involvement of European powers in China through trade, diplomatic pressure, and the establishment of spheres of influence.

Japan in China

Japan's increasing influence and aggression in China, leading to conflicts and territorial expansion.

Imperialism in Africa

The extensive colonization of Africa by European powers during the late 19th century, driven by economic and political motives.

Scramble for Africa

The rapid division and colonization of nearly all of Africa by European powers in the late 19th century.

Berlin Conference

A meeting (1884-1885) where European powers formally divided Africa among themselves to regulate colonization.

Resisting Imperialism in Africa

Various forms of opposition by African peoples against European colonial rule, including armed resistance and diplomatic efforts.

Colonial Impact on Latin America

The lasting effects of European colonization, including cultural impositions, resource exploitation, and social hierarchies.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, diseases, and ideas between the Old World and the Americas after 1492.

Encomienda

A Spanish labor system forcing indigenous populations to provide labor and tribute to Spanish settlers.

Haciendas

Large Spanish colonial estates, often agricultural, worked by indigenous or mestizo laborers.

Colonial Spanish America

The period and territories in the Americas under Spanish Empire rule.

Father Hidalgo

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Mexican Catholic priest who launched the Mexican War of Independence with his 'Grito de Dolores' in 1810.

Simon Bolivar

A Venezuelan military and political leader who played a key role in the establishment of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama as sovereign states, freeing them from Spanish rule.