Chiro Theory Final

Doctrine of the function of self healing by the nervous system

Vitalism

Doctrine describing that the whole person is greater than the sum of its parts

Holism

Doctrine describing the preference for natural therapies and the avoidance of drugs and surgery

Naturalism

Doctrine describing the compassionate manner that requires empathy, non-judgment, and genuineness when caring for patients (legitimize patient health problems)

Humanism

Doctrine of “first do no harm”; provide the most minimal intervention and promote active participation of patient

Conservatism

Doctrine involving the use of both individual clinical expertise AND available external evidence, providing logic and evidence into practice

Rationalism

Is chiropractic care more based in short or long lever adjustments?

Short lever

Is osteopathy more based in short or long lever adjustments?

Long lever

Practice based on proper nerve supply, which is more gentle and precise

Chiropractic

Practice based on restoring blood flow with medicine, surgery, and manipulation (old)

Osteopathy

Who founded chiropractic?

DD Palmer (1895)

Discipline that treats with small doses natural substances (“like cures like”)

Homeopathy

Who founded osteopathy?

AT Still (1874)

Discipline that avoids anything artificial or unnatural and believes that disease is due to the accumulation of wastes and toxins

Naturopathy

VSC component based on abnormal motion or position of spinal bones

Kinesiopathology

VSC component based on abnormal muscle function (muscles become weak, atrophied, or tight)

Myopathology

VSC component based on abnormal soft tissue function (blood or lymph flow, discs, ligaments)

Histopathology

VSC component based on abnormal nervous system function (nerve tissue impacting other parts of the body)

Neuropathophysiology

VSC component based on abnormal function of spine and body (bone spurs, abnormal bone growths, spinal decay, scar tissue)

Pathophysiology

Impairment of voluntary movement

Dyskinesia

Disruption in communication between the CNS and the body (“safety pin cycle”)

Dysponesis

Abnormal balance between balance, tone, sympathetic, or parasympathetic

Dysautonomia

The spine is incompletely adapted to __ configuration, which can cause segmental misalignment

Upright bipedal

A condition of inflammatory ligamentous laxity associated with C1-C2 subluxation

Grisel syndrome

Upper respiratory tract infections can cause misalignments in…

Occiput, C1-C2

Chronic tonsillitis can cause misalignments in…

Craniocervical junction

Who stated that spine misalignments can be caused by gravitational strain on skeletal framework and posture in static upright spine?

Dr. Carver

Points including occ-C1, C3-C4, T6-T8, T12-L1, L3, and L5-S1 are ___ that are susceptible to injury and subluxation

Apices and transitional points

Double S-curve scoliosis is due to…

Pelvic unleveling

An unlevel sacrum causes compensatory rotation and tipping of spine, causing…

Additonal apices and transition areas

Intermolecular cross-linking of ligaments due to immobilization without trauma can impact the extensibility of….

Periarticular ligaments

__ muscles act as an impediment to motion

Periarticular

Facilitation of nociceptor afferents which stimulate alpha motor neurons during a periarticular mechanism

Nociceptive spasm

Mechanism of degeneration with prolonged immobilization, edema or blood, and meniscoid entrapment

Intra-articular mechanisms

Entrapment of this between superior and inferior articular processes produces “locked back syndrome” after flexion with rotation of trunk

Meniscoid entrapment

Immobilization of disc causes degeneration and __ fragmentation, causing sequestration of disc

Nucleus pulposus

Hypomobility of one segment causes __ of the adjacent segment due to compensation

Hypermobility

Age 0-20, bony architecture intact, soft tissue changes only. Return to normal with care in weeks to months

Phase 1 of subluxation degeneration model

Age 20-40, fibrosis occurs in soft tissue, early bone changes (exostosis, sclerosis). Significant improvement with several years of care.

Phase 2 subluxation degeneration model

Age 40-60, chronic soft tissue effects, major bone and joint changes (start of fusion or ankylosis). Minimal response to care, lifetime care required.

Phase 3 subluxation degeneration model

Age 60+, major bone and joint changes (fusion or ankylosis complete). No response to care, goal of care is for neuro or function.

Phase 4 subluxation degeneration model

IVF distortion due to VSC can cause __ of spinal nerves

Compression

Direct or indirect pressure on a nerve can cause…

Neurothlipsis

Regions most susceptible due to large diameter of nerve roots

Cervical and lumbar

Compression of nerves due to subluxation can lead to __ if not treated/fixed

Demyelination and degeneration

__ are sensitive to SC compression and impact fine touch, pressure, vibration.

Dorsal columns

Lateral columns are affected by upper cervical subluxations which causes stabilizing attachments of __ to distort the SC.

Denticulate ligaments

__ decrease the functional diameter of IVF by 1/3.

Transforaminal ligaments

Most common area that transforaminal ligaments are found in the spine

Lumbar

Deafferentation of nerves due to VSC can cause issues in retrieving info for balance and coordination, leading to __

Dysefferentation

Neural dysfunction from VSC can lead to __ due to modification of immune (sympathetic) responses

Lower tissue resistance

Somatic __ causes an increase in nociception and decrease in mechanoreceptors

Dysafferentation

Local spinal effects of subluxation causes muscle hypertonicity/imbalance, errors in posture and coordination, and increased pain perception.

Somato-somatic/somato-motor model

Subluxation impact visceral function via changing BP, migraines, anemia, pupillary diameter, blood sugar, stomach problems, etc

Somato-visceral/somato-autonomic model

Visceral problems cause perpetuation of subluxation, such as lung irritation (upper thoracic and midcervical), stomach (midthoracic), and colon (lower thoracic and upper lumbar)

Viscero-somatic/viscero-motor model

What is the most plausible mechanism by which cervical adjustments could cause vascular insufficiency of to the brain?

VAD (vertebral artery dissection)

__ subluxation can cause compression of vertebral arteries, resulting in cerebral ischemia and neuro dysfunction

Cervical

Mechanical compression or traction can narrow blood vessels that supply nerves, which is a micro cause of…

Neuroischemia

Venous and lymphatic stasis (small scale mechanical stress leading to edema) is a macro cause of …

Neurologic ischemia

Improper circulation of CSF due to spinal dysfunction can cause…

CNS dysfunction

Psychogenic concepts

Mental/emotional state can influence structure (body language, chronic anxiety/stress, acute/chronic alarmed state)

Somatopsychic conceptcs

Structure can influence mental/emotional state (chronic pain, impact of higher brain functions, overload and overstimulation of reticular activating system and ascending pathways - central excitatory state, reduced blood flow to brain regions causing a state of hibernation - cerebral dysfunction syndrome)

Injury with tissue damage causes increase in nociception/pain which also increases pain behavior (can remain after tissue healing)

Loeser pain hierarchy

What macro and micro subjects can cause subluxation?

Thoughts, trauma, toxins

What are things that can help prevent subluxation?

Exercise, avoid repetitive motions, live more by the way we were designed