ap hug unit 1 module 3-6

Relative location

The position of one place/person in relation to the position of another place/person.

Space

The areas we occupy as humans; has no value until the people who occupy make it their own.

Place

How we modify based on who we are as a group of people.

Cultural landscape

The built forms that cultural groups create in inhabiting earth—farm fields, cities, houses, and so on—and the meaning, values, representation, and experiences associated with those forms.

Time-space compression

The decreasing distance between places, as measured by the travel time or cost.

Diffusion

The spread of ideas, practices, or traits from one place to another.

Expansion Diffusion

Ideas or practices spread throughout a population, from area to area in a snowballing process, so that the total number of knowers or users and the areas of occurrence increase.

Hierarchical Diffusion

Ideas leapfrog from one important person, community, or city to another, bypassing other persons, communities, or rural areas.

Contagious Diffusion

The wavelike spread of ideas in the manner of a contagious disease or forest fire, moving throughout space without regard for hierarchy.

Stimulus Diffusion

When a specific trait is rejected, but the underlying idea is accepted.

Relocation Diffusion

Individuals or groups with a particular idea or practice migrate from one location to another, thereby bringing the idea or practice to their new homeland.

Ecosystem

A territorially bounded system consisting of the interaction between humans and the environment.

Natural resources

Materials or substances that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.

Renewable resources

Natural resources that Earth will naturally replenish over time.

Nonrenewable resources

Natural resources that are available on Earth in finite quantities and will eventually be used up.

Environmental determinism

The belief that the physical environment is the dominant force shaping cultures and that humanity is a passive product of its physical surroundings.

Possibilism

The belief that any physical environment offers a number of possible ways for a society to develop and that humans can find ways to overcome environmental challenges.

Global scale

Geographic scale that looks at geographic phenomena across the entire world.

Regional scale analysis

Geographic scale that identifies and analyzes geographic phenomena within a particular region.

National scale analysis

Geographic scale that identifies and analyzes geographic phenomena within a specific country.

Local scale analysis

Geographic scale that identifies and analyzes geographic phenomena within a state or province, a city or town, or neighborhood.

Glocal perspective

Geographic perspective that acknowledges the two-way relationship between local communities and global patterns, emphasizing that the forces of globalization need to take into account local-scale cultural, economic, and environmental conditions.

Region

A geographical unit based on one or more common characteristics or functions.

Formal region

A geographical area inhabited by people who have one or more traits in common.

Functional region

A geographic area that has been organized to function politically, socially, culturally, or economically as one unit.

Perceptual/vernacular region

A geographic area that is perceived to exist by its inhabitants, based on the widespread acceptance and use of a unique regional name.

Sense of place

How a person feels about a particular place and why it’s important to him or her.

Activity space

Where a person goes and what he or she does on a day-to-day basis.

Regional analysis

The process of examining patterns and processes within and between regions at multiple geographic scales (local, national, regional, and global).

interdependence

The ties established between regions and countries that over time collectively create a global economic system that is not necessarily based on equality

geographic processes

The physical and human forces that work together to form and transform the world

independent invention

Occurs when the same or a very similar innovation is developed at the same time in different places by different people working independently

friction of distance

The inhibiting effect of distance on the intensity and volume of most forms of human interaction; time-space compression diminishes friction of distance

ecology

A biological science concerned with studying the complex relationships among living organisms and their physical environments

cultural ecology

The study of the interactions between societies and their local environments

environmental perception

The mental images that comprise humans' perception of nature; environmental perception may be accurate or inaccurate

greenhouse gases

Compounds in the atmosphere from fossil-fuel combustion, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), that absorb and trap heat energy close to Earth's surface

greenhouse effect

The global warming trend caused by rising levels of carbon dioxide (COz)

border zone

A region where cultural markers overlap and blend into a recognizable border culture

nodes

Central points where the functions of a functional region are coordinated and directed

metropolitan area

An area composed of a heavily populated urban core and its less populated surrounding areas

mental map

a personal representation of a portion of earths surface

regional identity

the awareness of belonging to a group of people within a region

contested boundaries

boundaries that are disputed for religious, political or cultural reasons