Preparing For Clinical Practice Exam 3

Functions of the Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems

• Delivers oxygen to cells

• Removes waste materials

• Provides for blood coagulation (Clotting)

• Protects against foreign agents

  • Phagocytosis of WBCs

  • Acquired Immune Response

• Cellular Communication

Arteries take

oxygenated blood away from heart to all other organs

Veins take

deoxygenated blood back to heart

Three Formed Elements of Blood

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Thrombocytes

Erythrocytes

RBCs providing color to blood

Leukocytes/Lymphocytes

WBCs that protect body against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances

Thrombocytes

Platelets

Three Components of Plasma

Proteins (albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen), Gases, and Nutrients

Plasma

Liquid portion of the blood thats colorless and has its cells suspended

Serum

Product of Blood Plasma with its clotting factors removed in a lab setting, and blood samples are clotted (rest is the serum)

Innate Immunity

• Non-Specific with two lines of defense done by WBCs

• First: Skin, Saliva, and Gastric Secretions

• Second: Phagocytic Cells, natural killer cells, inflammation

Acquired Immunity

• Specific immunity that is built overtime and develops after birth (born with it)- What makes one immunocompetent

• WBCs Encounter antigen, body produces cells to destroy antigen (monocytes and Leukocytes)

immunocompetent

working immune system

immunosuppressed

dysfunctional immune system with no immunity to anything

B Lymphocytes

humoral acquired immunity with active cells such as plasma cells (antibodies) and memory cells

T Lymphocytes

cellular acquired immunity with active cells such as cytotoxic, helper, suppressor, and memory cells

Lymphatic System

• releases WBCs to attack foreign antigens

• maintains fluid balance

• filters blood- removing infectious products to lymph nodes (filtration system)

• transports lipids away from digestive tissues

3 organs associated with lymphatic system

spleen, thymus, and tonsils

antibody

protective protein in response to a threat that needs previous exposure in order to work properly at eliminating threat (vaccine importance)

antigen

recognized as harmful by immune system

Opportunistic Infection

infections seen in patients with weakened immune systems (immunosuppressed and immunocompromised)

Thrombocytopenia

decrease in platelets (cannot clot)

Lymphedema

swelling of unilateral (entire) extremity (i.e. leg or arm) back to the lymph node

Lymphadenopathy

swollen lymph nodes

anticoagulants

medication preventing blood clots and thins out blood

antimicrobial

substance killing bacteria

immunosuppressant

medication suppresses immune system and given to transplant patients to prevent rejection of an organ

hematologist

physician specializing or studying blood

Reticulocyte

immature RBC

hemangioma

benign vascular tumor

perfusion

body’s ability to perfuse/send blood to other organs

autologous

self-donor/donation

allogenic

another person donating something

Influenza

respiratory virus

hemoptysis

coughing up blood

palliative treatment

• providing relief, not a cure

• No aggressive treatment to specific chronic illness/disease but still treats any other complication that arises

hospice care

end of life care and does not treat patient illnesses due to them going to die very soon

hemoglobin

protein giving RBCs their red color

3 important reasons for blood type

transfusions, transplants, and maternal-fetal incompatibilites

Blood Types

A, B, AB, O

Blood Type A

Antigen (RBC) is A and Antibody (plasma) is Anti-B

Blood Type B

Antigen (RBC) is B and Antibody (plasma) is Anti-A

Blood Type AB (Universal Recipient)

Antigen (RBC) is A and B and Antibody (plasma) is None

Blood Type O (Universal donor)

Antigen (RBC) is None and Antibody (plasma) is Anti-B and Anti-B

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

destroys CD4 cells that weakens the immune system , making it hard to fight off infections

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Develops from HIV and has immunocompromised status and leads to death

Allergic Reaction

an allergy to particular substance/chemical causes body to have a severe response

Autoimmune Disease

body attacks itself (i.e. psoriasis, crohn’s disease, diabetic neuropathy, etc.)

Hemophilia

genetic disorder where the blood is unable to clot properly

Infectious mononucleosis (Kissing Syndrome)

virus causing fever, extreme fatigue, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes

Aplastic

bone marrow failure/problem

hemolytic

destruction of RBC by body

hemorrhagic

decrease in RBCs due to actively bleeding

Three common deficiencies within blood

iron, folic acid, and pernicious (B12)

Sickle cell anemia

acquired hereditary condition in African Americans only at birth where there is an abnormal hemoglobin present

leukemia

blood cancer commonly found in children affecting primarily WBCs and only can diagnose with a blood count or lab test

Lymphoma

blood cancer common in adults that occurs more in lymph tissue

hematopoiesis/hemopoiesis

development of blood cells into their mature form

multiple myeloma

malignancy of bone marrow that affects plasma cells, leading to proliferation of abnormal antibodies, destruction of healthy bone marrow cells, and weakening bone tissue

thrombocythemia

overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders as a result of platelet malformations

Tendons

flexible, inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone (i.e. calf muscle)

Ligaments

Flexible bands of fibrous tissue, hold bones close to synovial joint and in place (i.e. ACL)

Short bone and example

cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width (i.e. fingers)

irregular bone and example

Complex shape (i.e. thoracic vertebra)

flat bone and examples

provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs (i.e. scapula and sternum)

long bone and example

Found in the extremities with regular, well-defined shapes (i.e. femur)

muscle tissue

composed of contractile cells/fibers providing movement of an organ/body part

Skeletal Muscle

voluntary/striated muscle (i.e. making a fist)

Cardiac Muscle

found only in the heart

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary/visceral muscles(cannot consciously control these)

Smooth Muscle Comprises

Visceral organs, walls of arteries, respiratory passages, urinary and reproductive ducts

Dorsiflexion

elevates foot

Plantar Flexion

lowers the foot (points the toes)

subluxation

partial/incomplete dislocation of one or more vertebrae

Axial Skeleton

skull (cranial and facial bones), thorax (ribs and sternum), and vertebral column

Appendicular Skeleton

Extremities, clavicles, and pelvic bones

brachi/o

arm

carp/o

wrist

cephal/o

head

dactyl/o

fingers and toes (i.e syndactyly)

spondyl/o

vertebrae

calcane/o

heel (calcaneous)

patell/o

knee cap

arthr/o

joint

chondr/o

cartilage

myel/o

bone marrow

synov/o

joint fluid (synovial fluid)

Tendin/o

tendon

\-clasia and -clast

to break/surgical fracture

\-desis

binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)

\-malacia

softening

avulsion

break off end part of a bone (common in ankle)

Open Fracture

open skin overlying bone

Comminuted Fracture

multiple fragments present

Impacted Fracture

bone crushed down on another bone

pathological fracture

underlying medical condition (i.e. cancer) causing break due to bone weakened

osteoarthritis/ degenerative joint disease (DJD)

occurs gradually overtime with bone spur and crepitation

Bone Spur

calcification on joints of bone found on a X-Ray

Crepitation

sound heard of bone rubbing against a joint (PE finding)

Rheumatoid Arthritis

inflammatory autoimmune condition that occurs bilaterally (on both hands i.e.) and can impact younger people