Revolutions Unit 2 Lesson 2 Latin American Revolutions

Peninsulares

People born in Spain who moved to the colonies.

Creoles

Born in Latin America.

Mestizos

Mixed European and Indian ancestry.

Mulattos

Mixed European and African ancestry.

Saint Domingue

First Latin American Revolution, now known as Haiti.

Haitian Revolution 1971

500,000 enslaved Africans revolted led by Toussaint Louverture and were freed in 1801. In 1802 Toussaint Louverture was put in prison. Jean Jacques Dessalines took over and in 1804 declared the colony an independent nation and renamed St Domingue to Haiti.

Venezuelan Revolution 1811-1821

Led by Bernardo O’Higgins, SImon Bolivar, and Jose de San Martin (all creoles).Gained independence from Spain in 1821

Ecuador 1822-1824

San Martin and Simon Bolvar freed Ecuador

Peru Revolution 1821-1824

San Martin and Simon Bolivar gained Peru's independence at the Battle of Ayacucho.

Argentine Revolution 1810-1816

San Martin led the May Revolution to end Spanish rule over Argentina.

Chile Revolution 1816-1817

Jose de San Martin and Bernardo O’Higgins led an army across the Andes to free Chile from Spanish rule.

México 1810-1821

Miguel Hidalgo, Jose Maria Morelus, and Augustine Indurbide were all Mestizo leaders that got Mexico's independence. Important events were a speech called Grio de Delores by Miguel Hidalgo which sparked the revolts. From there Jose Maria Morelus took over and finally Iturbide was able to declare Mexico free from Spain at the army of three Guarantees.

Brazil Revolution 1821-1822

Prince John/King John VI and Dom Pedro (Peninsulares) had a peaceful agreement brought by the Prince. Portugal later tried to colonize Brazil again and Dom Pedro was elected as a leader. Their independence was bloodless unlike the others.

Viceroyalty

A territory owned by a viceroy (a ruler).

Battle of Ayacucho

Bolivar’s forces with the help of South American rebels and General Antonio Jose de Sucre defeated the Spanish in Peru gaining their independence.

Gran Colombia

Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador united for independence for Latin America. It was Simon Bolivar’s plan from the start of the revolutions.

Grito de Dolores

A speech by Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico that sparked the rebellion for Indians and mestizos.

Toussaint Louverture

A former slave that freed all enslaved people in Saint Domingue and took control of the island during the Haitian Revolution.

Jean Jacques Dessalines

Took over Saint Domingue after Louverture and declared the colony an independent nation and renamed it Haiti.

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan creole that led many revolutions throughout Latin America. He freed Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and the Bolivian Republic of Venezuela.

Jose de San Martin

Argentine that led many revolutions throughout Latin America. He freed Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821)

Bernardo O’Higgins

Helped free Latin American countries like Chile from Spanish control.

Miguel Hidalgo

Had the Grito De Delores speech starting the rebellion in Mexico.

Jose Morelos

Put down a peasant army and ruled Mexico for 4 years before being defeated.

Augustine de Iturbide

A creole who defeated Jose Morelos in Mexico and finally declared Mexico independent

Prince John/King John VI

Peninsula ruler from Portugal who tried to colonize Brazil. Father of Dom Pedro

Dom Pedro

King/Prince John’s son, was petitioned to be Brazil's ruler and declared their independence

What role did the American and French Revolutions play in inspiring independence movements?

It showed people enlightenment ideas.

What role did indigenous peoples, mestizos, and enslaved people play in the revolutions?

They were the lower classes that made up most of the population. After being mistreated, they could join together against their common enemy. Nationalism united them by their shared ethnicity and cultural background

How did different regions of Latin America experience revolution and independence movements?

Different countries all experienced the revolution throughout different times. Most involved war from their revolutions while countries like Brazil were able to make a peaceful independence agreement. Mexico and Haiti were also unique being led by Mestizos and Mulattoes rather than Creoles.

Describe how San Martin and Bolivar gained independence for South America

Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín were key leaders in South America's fight for independence from Spanish rule. Bolívar, known as "The Liberator," led successful campaigns in northern South America, freeing countries like Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, and briefly envisioning a united Latin America under Gran Colombia. San Martín, a military leader from Argentina, liberated southern regions like Chile and Peru through daring tactics, including the famous Andes crossing. The two leaders briefly met in 1822, but their differing visions led to San Martín's retirement, leaving Bolívar to continue the fight. Bolívar's forces secured independence for much of South America, culminating in the decisive Battle of Ayacucho in 1824. Together, their efforts led to the independence of several nations, including Argentina, Chile, and Bolivia, although Bolívar's dream of a united continent did not come to fruition.

Describe why Hidalgo and Morelos failed in Mexico

Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos, key leaders in Mexico's fight for independence, ultimately failed due to a combination of factors. Hidalgo's initial uprising in 1810 attracted widespread support, especially from peasants and indigenous people, but it lacked a unified strategy and leadership. The rebellion faced internal divisions, and their forces, made up of inexperienced and ill-equipped troops, were no match for the well-trained Spanish and royalist forces. After Hidalgo's defeat and execution in 1811, Morelos took up the cause but also faced military challenges and limited resources. Despite his strategic successes, he was eventually captured and executed in 1815. Both leaders' failures were compounded by their inability to fully unite different factions and secure sustained military support, though their efforts laid the groundwork for eventual independence.