Unit 4: The Industrial Era
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Where did people start moving in the Industrial Era?
From the country to the city
As America became wealthier, what began to happen?
The wealth wasnt distributed evenly
What problem did America have after the Civil War?
There wasnt enough men to support the evolution of America
Since the US didnt have enough men, who did they invite into the country mind 1860s-1920s?
Immigrants
What did immigration into America create?
A multicultural US
When was the industrial era?
Late 19th Century
Which city became the most diverse culturally from immigration?
NYC - In the 1900s 20% of New Yorkers didnt speak English
Why did immigrants come to the US in the industrial era?
They ran away from oppression in their home country and the US represented opportunity
Why did Jews immigrate to America?
They experienced violet acts of terrorism against them from Russian Cossacks, who attacked their villages
What is a pogrom?
A Cossack attack on a Jewish village
How would immigrants get to the US?
On very cramped boats
Where did most immigrant boats enter?
New York harbor
Once an immigrant boat reached New York harbor, what process did federal officials do before letting people off of the boat?
They went to the rich and checked them in
Went to the common people and checked for disease, then marked their clothing with chalk
What inspiring structure did immigrants see upon entering NY harbor? What did it represent?
The statue of liberty, which represented freedom
What was Ellis Island?
The busiest international border crossing in the world from 1892-1925
What was the immigrant processing station on the east coast of America?
Ellis island
What were the steps of processing at Ellis Island?
They would get their bags checked
Walked up stairs to a brief medical inspection
Enter the Great Hall and begin the processing of become an American
Recieved their papers and went to NYC
Why did immigrants have to walk up stairs at Ellis Island?
Doctors would be looking down to see if they could identify someone with a disability and mark them
What did immigrants do once they reached the Great Hall at Ellis Island?
They began the process to become an American by confirming their information to prove they werent a threat
How many immigrants made it through right away processing at Ellis Island?
80%
How many immigrants were turned away from the US at Ellis Island?
2%
How many immigrants had to be interrogated before recieving their papers?
20%
What were tenements?
Cheaply constructed apartment buildings that held immigrants in big cities
What is the backstory of the Statue of Liberty?
It was given in pieces by France in 1876, and stayed in pieces for 10 years
What is an interpretation of the Statue of Liberty by Emma Lazarus?
The poem “The New Colossus”
Who wrote the poem “The New Colossus”?
Emma Lazarus
What did “The New Colossus” say about the Statue of Liberty?
It celebrates democracy and welcomes people to a place of opportunity
What was Angel Island?
An immigrant processing station from 1910-1940
What was the immigrant processing station on the West Coast of America?
Angel Island
How long did immigrant processing take at Ellis Island?
6 hours
What is the big difference between Ellis Island and Angel Island?
Ellis Island took less than 6 hours to process, but Angel Island took much longer, especially for the Chinese
Which immigrant group had trouble at Angel Island?
The Chinese
Why did the Chinese come to the US?
They were escaping a civil war in China, and the US had the gold rush
What did most Chinese immigrants work on in the US?
The transcontinental railroad
What was the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act?
A federal legislation that prevented anyone of Chinese descent from entering the US and becoming an American citizen
Which racist legislation in 1882 prevented Chinese from entering the US?
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Does the Chinese Exclusion Act kick out Chinese?
No, but it increased racial violence
What were the medical examinations like at Angel Island?
They were much more thorough because they were looking for a reason to turn people away
How many people made it through Angel Island?
70-80%
What was found in Angel Island in the 1970s by Alexander Weiss?
Chinese poems
What was the difference between “The New Colossus” and the Chinese poems in Angel Island?
The New Colossus gave an idea of welcome, while the Chinese poems reflected the struggle of getting into the US
Why did people go from farm to factory, and country to city?
Agricultural advancments needed less people with farms, so people moved to cities where there were factory jobs
What does self interest and the profit incentive lead to?
Capitalism
Who was Andrew Carnegie?
A business man in the steel industry, who was able to mass produce it
Why was Andrew Carnegie pressured to make money?
Investors and the Board of Directors pressured him to make more money for more profit
What problem did Andrew Carnegie face after he was pressured by investors?
He had to pay factory workers fairly but he had to keep the investors happy
How did Andrew Carnegie solve his problem of keeping the investors happy?
He cut the wages of his workers
What is Social Darwinism?
The idea that life if a competition, and its “survival of the fittest”
What were labor unions?
Workers organizations that would negotiate with management for better pay or conditions
Why were there no regulations for workers in the industrial era?
Working in factories and labor was a new thing
What did the people of labor unions believe?
The only way that they can improve their conditions was to create a collective group
What would labor unions do when management wouldnt cooperate?
They would strike
What is a strike?
A refusal to work
What is a scab?
A derogatory term for a person who is hired to take the job of someone on strike
How is a labor union successful?
If it is able to force management to negotiate
What is socialism?
A political and economic theory that advocated for some level of community control over companies
What was the biggest but least radical movement in the idustrial era?
Labor unions
What was the moderate movement in the industrial era?
Socialism
What was the smallest but most radical movement of the industrial era?
Anarchism
Who is an example of a socialist in the Early 19th century?
Robert Owen
Who was Robert Owen?
A factory owner in Scotland who tried a socialist system of a factory in both Scotland and America
What did Robert Owen believe in?
Improving the conditions of workers
What did Robert Owen try to do with his factory in Scotland and America? Did it work?
He gave control of the factory to the workers. It worked in Scotland, but not America
What is Anarchism?
An idea and movement that advocated for the abolition of government and other traditional institutions of power.
Who was a big labor union leader with the goal to stop radical groups?
Samuel Gompers
What was Samuel Gomper’s goal?
To stop the advancements of anarchists and socialists
What organization did Samuel Gompers create at 36?
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
What was the AFL?
The American Federation of Labor, a nation-wide labor union in Columbus Ohio
What did the AFL focus on?
They focused on the image of laborers, because Samuel Gompers wanted people to see them as strong, tough, men who should be respected
Who was not allowed in the AFL?
Women, blacks, unskilled laborers
What is skilled labor?
Labor that requires training
What is unskilled labor?
A job that anyone could do
What did the AFL and Samuel Gompers fight for?
White men and the 8 hour work day
What quote by Samuel Gompers regards his desire for the 8 hour work day?
“8 hours for work, 8 hours for rest, and 8 hours for what you will.”
What were the 3 major events in the industrialism era?
Haymarket Square Affair (1886)
Homestead Strike (1892)
Pullman Strike (1894)
Where was the Haymarket Square Affair?
Chicago, Illinois
In the 1880s, Chicago was the fastest growing city and was booming with immigrants. Who did this benefit and who did this disadvantage?
It was great for business owners who could pay little, and it was bad for the working class who were paid little
What company is associated with the Haymarket Square Affair?
McCormick Reaper Works
What did the McCormick Reaper Works make?
Farming equipment
What did the workers at the McCormick Reaper Works do in 1886? Why?
They went on strike to turn 12 hour days into 8 hours
Once workers at the McCormick factory went on strike, why did they surround the facotry?
To prevent scabs from coming in
Who was called in by the owners of McCormick to stop the workers from surrounding the factory?
The Chicago Police
What did the Chicago Police do about the McCormick workers on strike?
They opened fire because they were surrounded by thousands on the front lines
After the shootings at McCormick, what was held at Haymarket Square? Why?
A rally was held in protest of the shooting
How did word get out about the rally at Haymarket Square?
Anarchist papers published advertising for the mass-meeting
How did the Haymarket Square Affair turn violent?
The police showed up because they heard people brought guns, and someone angry threw a bomb. Chaos ensued as it became dark and rainy.
Even though there was no proof that the men arrested threw the bomb at the Haymarket Square Affair, why were they arrested?
They were arrested because of their beliefs (anarchism)
Who was Albert Parsons?
He was an anarchist journalist arrested from the HMSA, confederate that married a freed slave (Lucy Parsons)
What did Lucy Parsons do after Albert Parsons was condemned to death?
She became an anarchist writer
Who was August Spies?
A german immigrant that advertised the rally, and got arrested after the HMSA
Where was the Homestead Strike of 1892?
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Who owned the homestead steel mill?
Andrew Carnegie
When Carnegie had to cut wages, who did he hire to do the grunt work as he ran away to Scotland?
Henry Frick
Who was Henry Frick?
A ruthless boss who had no problem cutting workers wages
What was Fort Frick?
A fotress around the Homestead Steel works that was 3 miles
What was Fricks plan once the steel workers formed a union?
Break unions, force strikes, and keep them out
After the Homestead Steel workers went on strike, what did Frick do?
He hired scabs and brought them in through barges on the Monongahela River
Who did Frick bring in on barges to fight the workers on strike? What happened?
Pinkerton Guards, but the workers caught the barge on fire and the guards surrendered
Once the Pinkerton’s surrendered, who did Frick call to get rid of the workers on strike?
The national guard
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Flashcards (87)